“It’s Iced Out Like A Freezer” Also “It’s Cooler than a Polar Bear’s Toenails”

1. The Cold War: To what extent did ideological conflict affect international relations after the second world war? “It’s Iced Out Like A Freezer” Also “It’s Cooler than a Polar Bear’s Toenails”

2. Conferences • Moscow – Fate of Central Europe, Spheres of Influence • Yalta – Division of Germany into occupation zones • Soviets wanted huge reparations, Allies wanted to rebuild • Potsdam – Stalin and Truman didn’t agree on anything – how do we treat Germany and Poland?

3. Alliances of Cold War USA (Democratic/Capitalists USSR (Communist/CPE) Political: Cominform Economic: Comecon Military: Warsaw Pact Political: Truman Doctrine Economic: Marshal Plan Military: NATO (Europe&NA) SEATO ( S.E. Asia) ANZUS(Aust/NZ/US) NORAD (US& Can.)

4. Events of Cold War • Germany Issue • Poland Issue-Containment of Communism of the USSR by USA • Iran Issue –Truman Doctrine • Turkey • Greece-Marshal Plan • Berlin Blockade-Iron Curtain-Berlin Wall1945-1948 • Rejection to Illiberalism of the USSR • Hungarian Revolution of 1956 • Czechoslovakian Uprising: Prague Spring 1968 • Yugoslavia: Tito’s Defense • Alignment: Whose is whose ally? • Non-Alignment and Bandung Conference • Détente to Deterence • Canada in the Cold War • France’s Dissuasion Policy • Brinkmanship

5. GERMANY ISSUE • Allied Control Council – Management of Germany • West Berlin in middle of East Germany • Balance of Power – Equilibrium of alliances – checks on any one nation becoming too powerful • Sphere of Influence – extent to which a nation exerts influence beyond its own borders • Bipolar – world polarizes to USA+allies vs. USSR+allies

6. Polish Question • What to do with Poland? • Who will govern, and where will borders go? • Government-in-exile in London – supported by West • Soviet puppet government in Lublin – suppressed freedoms (Poland in Soviet Sphere of Influence) • Soviet border moves USSR border further west, Poland compensated with German territory • West doesn’t really like it but not in a position to challenge

8. Iran and Turkey • Soviet and British troops occupied Iran during WW2 to prevent Nazi capture of oilfields • All troops were to withdraw 6mos after the war – Soviets didn’t • Fears that USSR would control Iran – British and Americans pressure Soviets into leaving • Turkey – Stalin wanted control of the Dardanelles – this would link the Black Sea to the Med • Stalin asks Ankara for access, Ankara refuses, Stalin deploys Red Army into Turkey • Truman gets angry, sends Navy to Mediterranean • Soviets reminded of American nukes, and leave

9. Map of Turkey

10. Greece • Greece under British protection • Post WW2 Britain unable to aid = they withdraw • Greece asks USA for help – US is isolationist • 1947 – Britain withdraws all aid, West scared of Soviets intervening • UN could not intervene b/c of USSR veto • Truman asks Congress for aid to Turkey and Greece – they get it • Truman Doctrine = “support free peoples who are resisting subjugation” (containment of communism) • Truman starting to reverse isolationist policy • Domino Theory – if one nation falls to communism, how many others will fall? • Justification for Vietnam War

11. The Domino Theory

12. Stalin is an… Octopus?

13. Marshall Plan • Americans were scared of Soviet expansion into Western Europe • Best defence was to strengthen their economies • Economic aid to Turkey and Greece under the Truman Doctrine is expanded to Western Europe by the Marshall Plan • Soviets were in a recession but US economy boomed – resulting trade + Marshall Plan brought Western Europe close to USA and away from Eastern Europe

16. Berlin: 1945-1949 • West Berlin: Thorn in Moscow’s side • Marshall Plan aid to West Germany means its economy was doing quite well • Soviets pillaged East Germany in order to bolster domestic economy • Spring 1948: Soviets block all access to Berlin – they feared a united Western Germany and wanted to push the Allies out of Berlin, also, the Allies won’t go to war over the enemy’s capital • Allies decide to supply Berlin by air – if Berlin falls, West Germany could fall, etc., etc.

17. Americans, British airlift food, supplies to the city for nearly a year • Food consumption drops, energy requirements met by cutting trees in the city • Extremely stressful flying conditions – planes landed up to once every three minutes • To prevent the Soviets from shooting down cargo planes, US stationed B-29s in Britain: nuclear monopoly • Blockade ineffective – lifted in May 1949 • British, US, French zones merge, become Federal Republic of Germany anyway -1949 • Soviet zone becomes Democratic Republic of Germany (DDR)

18. Berlin Blockade

19. European Containment

20. Super Power Dance?

21. Berlin Blockade

22. Berlin Airlift

23. Stalin’s Move over Europe

24. Rejections to Illiberalism of the USSR • Hungarian Revolution of 1956 • Czechoslovakian Uprising: Prague Spring 1968 • Yugoslavia: Tito’s Defense • Tito – A man Unwilling to accept Being pushed Around by Moscow

25. Poland and Hungary Labour unrest becomes wish for political freedom Gomulka gets elected – national communism – Khrushchev doesn’t go to war with him – Poland gains some freedom from USSR Hungary sees this and decides to try the same Hungary becomes communist after WW2 – hard-line Stalinist in power = repression and poor living standards

26. Czechoslovakia • 1946 – Communist PM elected in Czechoslovakia • Wanted Marshall Plan aid but Moscow ordered them to refuse • Tried to follow Moscow and be independent simultaneously • Foreign minister mysteriously dies- Jan Masaryk • Soviets were going to take control of Czechs – make it a satellite • Americans decided to extend Marshall Plan to prevent similar events elsewhere

27. Yugoslavia • Josip Broz = Tito • He liberates Yug from Nazis • Red Army shows up and commits assaults on Yugoslavs = tension with USSR • Issues over control – Stalin didn’t want Tito as equal • Tito freed Yugoslavia withoutmajor Allied help • He ruled independently of Moscow = angers Stalin • Tito asks Bulgaria for a trade union and doesn’t invite USSR – Stalin gets really angry

28. Stalin asks Bulgarian, Yugoslav leaders to Moscow – Tito doesn’t attend – sends grunts • Stalin proposes union of Albania, Yug, Bulg • Tito views this as opportunity for Red Army to occupy Bulgaria and threaten Yugoslavia • Political differences in 1948 mean Yug expelled from Cominform • Soviets withdraw aid, so US gives aid • Tito allowed Greek communists to regroup in Yugoslavia – also supplied them – angers Stalin • “Can’t Touch This” attitude towards Moscow – geographical separation means Yug is hard to control • Stalin tries to reintegrate Yug, and fails • Yugoslavia presents alternative communist model – threat to USSR

29. Alignment: Whose is whose ally? USA (Democratic/Capitalists USSR (Communist/CPE) Political: Truman Doctrine Economic: Marshal Plan Military: NATO (Europe&NA) SEATO ( S.E. Asia) ANZUS(Aust/NZ/US) NORAD (US& Can.) Political: Cominform Economic: Comecon Military: Warsaw Pact

30. NATO • NATO = North Atlantic Treaty • Organization • 1947 – Tensions between Soviets and West • 1948 – Treaty of Brussels – Pooling of military resources of Br, Fr, Lux, Belg, Neth • Vandenberg Resolution – USA would align itself with regional alliances designed to promote security – allies with Brussels members = military union between US and Europe

31. April 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty – Brussels members + US, Den, Ice, It, Nor, Por, Can • Attack any one of us means attack on us all • West would stand united against Soviet expansion = deterrent • US has nuclear monopoly until 1949

32. Cominform / Comecon / Warsaw • Communism International – Comintern – replaced by Communist Information Bureau – Cominform • Council for Mutual Economic Assistance – Comecon • Warsaw Pact – like NATO for Communists • Formed in response to Truman Doctrine,Marshall Plan, andNATO • Warsaw Pactdissolved in 1991

33. SEATO / ANZUS • American policy also shifted towards a presence in Asia • 1951 - Australia – New Zealand – United States – US replaces Britain as protector • 1954 - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization • Mutual defense with US, Br, Fr, Aus, NZ, Philippines, Thailand • US also started to bolster Japan and start rearmament • Catalyzed rearmament of Europe • West Germany joins NATO • Military Defensive Alliance = maintain security through balance of power. Ex. NATO, Warsaw Pact

34. Non-Alignment & Bandung Conference Bandung Conference, meeting of representatives of 29 African and Asian nations, held at Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955. The aim—to promote economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism—was more or less achieved in an atmosphere of cordiality. China played a prominent part and strengthened its friendly relations with other Asian nations. Not invited to the conference were South Africa, Israel, Taiwan, South Korea, and North Korea. The conference ultimately led to the establishment of the Nonaligned Movement in 1961. In later years, conflicts between the nonaligned nations eroded the solidarity expressed at Bandung.

35. Cold War Events 1950-1991 • Korean War • Khrushchev – Peaceful Co-existence • Berlin Wall • U2 Spy Plane • Castro Seizes power of Cuba • Bay of Pigs Invasion • Cuban Missile Crisis • Vietnam War 1965-1972 • Afghanistan War 1979-1989 • Gorbachev take power 1985 and ends USSR

36. Korea • Enter Korean War • 1945 – Stalin and Truman jointly occupy Korea • June 1950 – North invades South – 38 Parallel – forceful unification • Truman sends military assistance to South Korea and Taiwan • If US didn’t help South Korea it would be a betrayal • US pushes resolution through the Security Council requesting assistance to Korea • At the time the Soviets were boycotting the UN – no veto • Shift in policy – Soviets would start to help other communist regimes – spread the red

37. Khrushchev • Stalin dies in ’53 • Khrushchev controls gov’t in 1956 • Austrian State Treaty – 1955 – Withdrawal of all Allied forces and forces Austrian neutrality – voluntary Soviet withdrawal = policy shift • De-Stalinization – purge horrors of Stalin • “many roads to socialism” – diversify Communism

38. Decolonization meant that extra nations could alter world order • Khrushchev decided to support new nations – Indian steel mill • PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE - Khrushchev recognized two social systems & advocated non-violent transitions to communism • Agricultural reform fails – starts political demise of Khrushchev • Soviet thrust into Third World = weakened Sino-Soviet alliance • Many roads stimulated wishes for change in Poland and Hungary

39. 1956 – Demonstrations against ruling regime – workers, students, intellectuals • USSR gets worried, sends army to put down the demonstrations, replace leaders • Hungarians wished to become autonomous and withdraw from Warsaw Pact = Soviets crush revolution • Over 20k killed, 20k jailed, 200k fled Hungary • Invasion of Hungary violates Warsaw Pact • Force bound Eastern Bloc, not ideology • USSR prepared to use military means to force hegemony in Eastern Europe – vital to defense • US couldn’t help Hungary – open confrontation with USSR

41. Berlin Wall • 1958 – Tension in Berlin • West Germans very anti-Communist • East Germany depressed and repressed – people fled to West • Khrushchev threatened to attack West Berlin – West stood fast • Khrushchev meets Eisenhower in 1959 – détente • Summitry = tension can be removed by face to face talks of national leaders

42. BERLIN WALL • Constructed in 1961 to stop exodus of people to West Berlin

45. Gary Powers • Not related to Austin • Flew U2 spy plane over Soviet Union, gets shot down

46. Soviets find out that US is flying over Russia – Paris summit is cancelled • Khrushchev gets criticized by Politburo and Chinese – declares he won’t negotiate with Eisenhower • JFK gets elected in 1961 • Khrushchev delivers ultimatum saying that US must withdraw from Berlin, announced Soviet military budget increased 33% • JFK responds by increasing draft calls, $3 billion to military • East Germans are going to West; Khrushchev decides to close border = Berlin Wall • Khrushchev criticized for backing down but he does let his tanks go “nose to nose” with US

47. Cuban Revolution: Castro seizes power from Batista with C. Guevara help over throw America Imperialism in Cuba

48. Bay of Pigs • April 1961 – Invasion of Cuba – fails horribly

49. Cuban Missile Crisis • 1962 – Khrushchev has idea of putting nuclear missiles on Cuba • Cuba is alright with it – Bay of Pigs, Soviet aid • October – U2’s find missile sites on Cuba • What to do? • Hawks / Doves / Owls • Hawks – Direct Invasion or AirstrikeDoves – Diplomacy – Barter JupitersOwls – Middle of the Road – Blockade • Owls prevail – Kennedy announces nukes on Cuba, blockades • Blockade is technically and act of war, so Cuba was “quarantined”

50. Direct negotiation was used to solve crisis, not UN • establish compromise – Soviets would remove Cuban missiles, US would dismantle Turkish Jupiters the next year – save face for allies • Value of diplomacy realized = Hotline • Partial Test Ban treaty – prohibited nuclear testing in atmosphere, underwater, and in space – US, UK, USSR • 1963 – Beginning of Détente