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Chapter 20 Section 2

Chapter 20 Section 2. Types of Bonds. Gain or Loss of Electrons. Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable energy level Ion – a charged particle that has a different number of electrons than protons Electrical forces between ions hold compounds together. A Bond Forms.

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Chapter 20 Section 2

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  1. Chapter 20 Section 2 Types of Bonds

  2. Gain or Loss of Electrons • Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable energy level • Ion – a charged particle that has a different number of electrons than protons • Electrical forces between ions hold compounds together

  3. A Bond Forms • A neutral K atom has 1 electron in its outer energy level (unstable) • K gives away its electron & becomes stable and positively charged (K+) • A neutral I atom has 7 electrons in its outer energy level (unstable) • I gains an electron to become stable and negatively charged (K-) • Oppositely charged ions attract each other and form the neutral compound KI • Superscripts (written above) are used to indicate ion charge

  4. The Ionic Bond • Ionic bond – the force of attraction between opposite charges of ion in an ionic compound • Usually occurs between metals and nonmetals • There must be a net charge of zero (Mg2+ and 2 Cl-)

  5. Sharing Electrons • Some atoms are unlikely to gain or lose electrons (Group 14) • These atoms become more chemically stable by sharing electrons • Covalent bond – attraction formed between atoms when they share electrons (nonmetals) • Molecule – a neutral particle that forms as a result of electron sharing

  6. Single and Multiple Covalent Bonds • A single covalent bond is made up of 2 shared electrons (usually 1 from each atom in the bond) • Double bonds share 4 electrons (CO2) • Triple bonds share 6 electrons (N2)

  7. Unequal Sharing • Electrons are not always shared evenly in a covalent bond • Related to size of the atom, charge of the nucleus, and total # of electrons • δ+ means partially positive and δ- means partially negative • Like tug of war! • Chlorine atoms attract electrons more strongly than hydrogen atoms do

  8. Polar or Nonpolar? • Polar molecule – a molecule with a slightly positive and slightly negative end caused by unequal sharing • Overall, the molecule is neutral • Nonpolar molecule – a molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends • Molecules made of 2 identical atoms or perfectly symmetrical molecules

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