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Module 14

Module 14. Motivation . Module 14. How do human needs and job designs influence motivation to work? How do thought processes and decisions affect motivation to work? What role does reinforcement play in motivation?. 14.1 Human Needs and Job Design.

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Module 14

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  1. Module 14 Motivation

  2. Module 14 • How do human needs and job designs influence motivation to work? • How do thought processes and decisions affect motivation to work? • What role does reinforcement play in motivation?

  3. 14.1Human Needs and Job Design • Maslow described a hierarchy of needs topped by self-actualization • Alderfer’s ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness and growth needs • McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power and affiliation • Herzberg’s two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction • The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design

  4. HUMAN NEEDSMaslow’s Hierarchy • Motivation – level, direction and persistence of effort expended at work • Maslow’s hierarchy • Needs • Unfulfilled desires that stimulate people to act • Lower order needs • Physiological, safety and social needs • Higher order needs • Esteem and self-actualization

  5. HUMANNEEDSMaslow’s Hierarchy

  6. HUMANNEEDSAlderfer’s ERG Theory • Alderfer’s ERG Theory

  7. HUMANNEEDSMcClelland’s Acquired Needs • Three acquired needs that vary in strength among people

  8. HUMAN NEEDSMcClelland’s Acquired Needs • Two forms of need for power • Need for personal power • Need for social power

  9. HUMAN NEEDSHerzberg Two-Factor Theory

  10. JOB DESIGNCore Characteristics Model • Job design • Allocation of specific tasks to individuals and groups • Job enrichment • Adds opportunities for satisfying higher-order needs to a job by adding opportunities for planning and controlling work

  11. JOB DESIGN Core Characteristics Model

  12. 14.2Thought Processes and Decisions • Equity theory explains how social comparisons can motivate individual behavior • Expectancy theory considers motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence • Goal-setting theory shows that well-chosen and well-set goals can be motivating

  13. THOUGHT PROCESSES Equity Theory • Equity theory explains how social comparisons can motivate individual behavior • Perceived negative inequity • Attempt to restore equity by working less or quitting • Perceived positive inequity • Attempt to restore equity by extra effort

  14. THOUGHT PROCESSES Expectancy Theory • Expectancy theory considers motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence

  15. THOUGHT PROCESSES Expectancy Theory

  16. THOUGHT PROCESSES Goal Setting Theory • Goal-setting theory shows that well-chosen and well-set goals can be motivating

  17. 14.3Reinforcement • Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences • Positive reinforcement connects desirable behavior with pleasant consequences • Punishment connects undesirable behavior with unpleasant consequences

  18. REINFORCEMENTLaw of Effect • The law of effect states that behavior followed by a pleasant consequence is likely to be repeated; behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence is unlikely to be repeated.

  19. REINFORCEMENTOperant Conditioning • Operant Conditioning – B. F. Skinner • Influences behavior by controlling its consequences. • Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence. • Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

  20. REINFORCEMENTOperant Conditioning • Punishment discourages by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence. • Extinction discourages a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

  21. REINFORCEMENTOperant Conditioning

  22. REINFORCEMENTPositive Reinforcement • Positive reinforcement connects desirable behavior with pleasant consequences • Law of contingent reinforcement • Reward only when desirable behavior is demonstrated • Law of immediate reinforcement • Reward immediately after the desirable behavior is demonstrated

  23. REINFORCEMENTPositive Reinforcement • Shaping • Creating a new behavior by positive reinforcement of similar behaviors • Continuous reinforcement • Reward every time behavior is exhibited • Intermittent reinforcement • Reward behavior periodically

  24. REINFORCEMENTPunishment • Punishment • Connects undesirable behavior with unpleasant consequences • Deny a reward • No raise/pay reduction • Reprimand

  25. Module 14 Case • Pixar Animation Studios – Home of the Creative Geniuses

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