1. Psyc 3533Final Exam tutorial

2. Sexual Coercion • Canadian terminology • Sexual assault • Rape and other unwanted, imposed physical sex (e.g. kissing, groping, etc.) • Rape • Non-consensual penetration

3. Sexual Coercion • Mostly known to victim • 95-98% of these acts perpetrated by men • Non-consensual sex highest in non-egalitarian societies • Sociocultural context • Glorification of violence • Sexual scripts • Men assertive and initiate sex • Women passive gatekeepers

4. Sexual Coercion • Early family influences • Sexual aggressor likely to have been abused • Peer group • Abusive friends • Situation • Secluded places • Alcohol

5. Sexual Coercion • Miscommunication • Friendly vs. Sexually attracted • Power Motives • Sex and power motives interact • Norms and attitudes • Hypermasculinity

6. Sexual Coercion • 4 Theoretical views • Victim-precipitated • “She was asking for it” • Psychopathology • Offenders are sick • Feminist • Gender inequality (cause and result) • Social disorganization • Community cannot enforce norms

7. Sexual Coercion • Commonalities (Canadian Research) • Sensation seeking • Early history of behavioural problems • High levels of hostility • Poor sexual adjustment • Serious problems with alcohol (often families) • Abused as children, as adults identify with the aggressor role • Inability to express emotions • Use of pornography during childhood and adolescence (violence and sex)

8. Sexual Coercion Sexual harassment: • Non-verbal • Suggestive sounds, obscene gestures, extreme leering • Most common, least recognized. • Verbal • Suggestions or requests for sex, comments on body, attire, use of crude language to refer to person’s body parts, functions, showing porno.

9. Sexual Coercion • Physical • Unnecessary touching, grasping, cornering, hugging, kissing without consent or encouragement • Least common, most recognized. • Effects • Depression • Illness • Insomnia • Absenteeism.

10. Sexual Coercion • Can be confused with socially accepted scripts • She’s playing hard to get but she wants it as much as I do, she’ll come around if I don’t let up” • Confusion • Culture teaches women to play hard to get • Hard to know when it’s not an act if the other person is insensitive or has poor social skills

11. Sexual Coercion • Date rape • Alcohol – consensual or not. • Drugs – consensual or not. • Rohypnol. GHB • Epidemic on many North American campuses • BC study: 27% sexual assaults involved these drugs • In a survey, 76% of college males said they would rape if they could get away with it.

12. Sexual Coercion Child Sexual Abuse: • Very widespread • Hard to get accurate figures • Sometimes entire communities • Mt. Cashel • Most common: family friend, relative • Occupations with kids: • daycare • school • scouts • sports

13. Sexual Coercion • Pedophilia • Adult who likes to have sex with children • Pederasty • A (usually erotic) relationship between an older man and an adolescent boy outside his immediate family • Some believe children are capable of consensual sex, and of enjoying it • Prostitution and pornography. • Sex tourism, e.g. Thailand, Philippines. • Web child pornography.

14. Sexual Coercion Legally, a child cannot consent to sexual activity. (To age 14). ANY sexual activity between adult and child is considered abusive. Sexual activities: • exhibitionism • kissing • fondling • sexual touching • oral sex • vaginal intercourse • anal intercourse

15. Sexual Coercion Between 14 and 17 consent is possible if: • there is no relationship of trust, authority or dependency • there is no payment or offer of payment • there is no anal intercourse About 90% of child sexual abuse is not reported.

16. Sexual Coercion • Consequences for victims: • anxiety • PTSS • depression • low self-esteem • psychosomatic illness • aggression • abnormal interest in sex • school problems • sleep problems, nightmares • more vulnerable to subsequent abuse • Lowest risk: assertive child

17. Sexual Coercion • Women’s role as sexual abusers rare • Three types of female abusers described (Matthews): • male coerced • teacher/lover • predisposed • One difference with male abusers: apparent lack of sexual arousal, more like self-hatred, hatred of own body and of femininity.

18. Sexual Coercion • Repressed and recovered memories of abuse • False memory syndrome (E. Loftus) • Dissociation • Defends from pain and helps to comply with secrecy (usually threats) • Facilitates continued interaction with abuser in ‘normal’ circumstances. • Abuser can be dissociated into two different people: 1) very good and 2) very evil.

19. Definitions • The scientific study of homosexuality • Frequency • Who is? • Need a definition • Self-label • Behaviour • How often? • When? • Tea room men, Indonesian men • Causes

21. Definitions • Kinsey • 37% of all males had at least one same sex experience to orgasm in adulthood • 1 – 10% of the population • Canadian Community Health Survey • National Health and Life Styles Survey • Twice as many men as women

22. Definitions • Bisexuality • 33% - if based on one encounter • More sexual activity in general, including masturbation. • More high risk behaviour • Majority married (heterorole) • Sexual pleasure oriented

23. Definitions • Danger • 71% of bisexual men do not tell their female partners • STDs – AIDS • Adolescent males • Very common transitional stage • Difficulty • Rejected by both hetero and homo

24. Attitudes • Heterosexism • Heterosexual = normal • Homophobia • Strong, irrational fears of homosexuals • Homonegativity • Negative attitudes and behaviors toward homosexuals • Cultural attitude based on religious teachings

25. Research • Adams, Wright and Lohr (1996) gave test to measure homophobia to male college students • Group 1: high scores • Group 2: low scores • All participants were hooked to plethysmograph that measured erection • They all watched film clips of hetero, gay and lesbian sex • Group 1: 54% had increased penile errection • Group 2: 24% had increased penile circumference

26. Gender Differences • In an experiment heterosexual and homosexual males and females watched videos of • Heterosexual sex • Male gay sex • Lesbian sex • Nude males • Nude females • Bonobos having sex • The participants were hooked to a plethysmograph and were asked to report verbally when they were aroused

27. Gender Differences • Heterosexual males became aroused when watching • Heterosexual sex • Lesbian sex • Nude females • Homosexual males became aroused when watching • Male homosexual sex • Nude males • 100% concordance between plethysmograph results and self report

28. Gender Differences • Both heterosexual and homosexual women were aroused by all the videos according to the plethysmograph • Self reports were at odds with objective data • Women are not aware when they are aroused • Another gender difference: • More women self-label bisexual than males • More women switch sexual orientation over their life times

29. Development of Sexual Orientation • Possible variables involved • Genes • Hormones in utero • Subtle intrauterine interactions • Brain: timing • Early influences • Identity problems • Social stereotypes, prejudice

30. Development of Sexual Orientation • Cannot look for THE cause • INTERACTIONS • Individual differences in etiology • Circumstances: • Jail, boarding school • Cross-cultural evidence: • Prescribed homosexuality at certain age-stage • Definition found in many cultures: • gay man is the one that is penetrated

31. Development of Sexual Orientation • Genetic: • Twin Studies

32. Development of Sexual Orientation • Sociological theories: • Importance of labels • Labels affect perception • Perception affects behaviour • This can influence self-perception • Leading to self-labelling.

33. Development of Sexual Orientation • Reiss • Negative pathway • Rigidly polarized societies have higher incidence of male-male sex • High maternal involvement; Low paternal • Little opportunity to learn • Positive pathway • Very permissive societies • Experimentation OK.

34. Bem: The Exotic Becomes Erotic Boys more active and aggressive Different = exotic

35. Bem’s Theory – Criticisms • There is NO abundant evidence of inborn aggression and activity levels by gender • Contaminated by culture. • Homosocial activities are mostly a cultural phenomenon. • Children who don’t fit the gender stereotypes are clearly told they are odd and wrong.

36. Bem’s Theory – Criticisms • Many gays are “gender typical” in their interests, appearance, etc. Bem fell for the effeminate guy/macho woman stereotype of gays. • Many atypical (i.e., boys who played with dolls, girls who played with trucks) kids do not go on to become gay.

37. Bell and Weinberg Typology • Sample of 979 • Close coupled • One long-time partner • Marriage type relationship • Few problems • Few sex partners • Infrequent cruising

38. Bell and Weinberg Typology • Open coupled: • steady live-in partner • Also many outside partners • Frequent cruising • More likely to have problems • More likely to regret being gay

39. Bell and Weinberg Typology • Functional • Not coupled • High number of sex partners • Few problems • Younger • High sex drive • Few regrets

40. Bell and Weinberg Typology • Dysfunctional • Not coupled • High number of partners • Many sex and psychological problems • Tense • Unhappy • Depressed

41. Bell and Weinberg Typology • Asexual • Low in sexual interest and activity • Less exclusively gay • Very secretive • Loners • Highest incidence of suicidal thoughts

42. Bell, Weinberg and Hammersmith • In depth interviews comparing gays/ lesbians and straights. • No support for psychoanalytic, learning or sociological (labelling) theories. • They speculate a biological basis but have no data.

43. Menopause • A natural, normal physiological change. • Permanent cessation of menstruation. • Complex interaction of domains: • Physical • Social • Psychological • Cultural • Spiritual

44. Menopause • Climacteric (perimenopause) • Long transition period leading to menopause • 35-60 • ovaries less and less responsive to FSH • decline of estrogen and progesterone production • anovulatory cycles, periods less blood, shorter • less testosterone • Menopause: • 12 continuous months without a period

45. Menopause • Some estrogen and progesterone produced by: • Adrenal glands • Skin • Muscle • Brain • Pineal gland • Hair follicles • These hormones stored in fatty tissue

46. Menopause • Universal signs of menopause: • cessation of menses • cessation of ovulation • decreased hormonal output • vaginal dryness • skin changes • Non-universal changes • hot flashes • tachycardia • headaches • memory lapses • fatigue • irritability • depression

47. Menopause • “Associated” medical conditions: • Osteoporosis (brittle bones) • Bones lack calcium • No correlation between amount of Ca2+ in diet and incidence of osteoporosis • excess of protein in the diet results in Ca2+ loss during metabolism. • Heart Disease

48. Menopause • Osteoporosis • Bones lack calcium • No correlation between amount of Ca2+ in diet and incidence of osteoporosis • excess of protein in the diet results in Ca2+ loss during metabolism. • Women 1 in 4, men 1 in 8 (no “estrogen deprivation” in men) • Prevention: • Muscle mass helps to prevent osteoporosis. • good diet, phytoestrogens • no smoking

49. Menopause • Heart Disease: • Uncommon until 20th century • Longevity: • women’s life expectancy from 48 to 84. • Genetics and Lifestyle

50. Menopause • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): • Completely discredited today • HRT can cause • reproductive cancers • heart disease • dementias • asthma • hearing loss • memory loss • and other health problems