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第七章 生态系统的类型

第七章 生态系统的类型. 山西师范大学生命科学学院. 第七章 生态系统的类型. 第一节 陆地生态系统 第二节 水域生态系统. 第一节 陆地生态系统. 植被的分布规律 森林生态系统 草原生态系统 荒漠生态系统 苔原生态系统. 一、植被的分布规律. （一）地带性植被： 分布在“显域地境”，能够充分反映一个地区气候特点的植被类型。 植被的三向地带性： 体现植被分布的三维空间规律（纬向 ﹑ 经向和垂直地带性）的植被系统。. 植被的纬向地带性. 太阳辐射在赤道与两极之间的不均匀分布，是 纬向地带性 形成的主要原因。. 植被的经向地带性.

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第七章 生态系统的类型

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  1. 第七章 生态系统的类型 山西师范大学生命科学学院

  2. 第七章 生态系统的类型 • 第一节 陆地生态系统 • 第二节 水域生态系统

  3. 第一节 陆地生态系统 • 植被的分布规律 • 森林生态系统 • 草原生态系统 • 荒漠生态系统 • 苔原生态系统

  4. 一、植被的分布规律 （一）地带性植被：分布在“显域地境”，能够充分反映一个地区气候特点的植被类型。 • 植被的三向地带性：体现植被分布的三维空间规律（纬向﹑经向和垂直地带性）的植被系统。

  5. 植被的纬向地带性 • 太阳辐射在赤道与两极之间的不均匀分布，是纬向地带性形成的主要原因。

  6. 植被的经向地带性 • 由海陆分布和地质——地形因素造成的降水量从沿海往内陆减少，是经向地带性存在的根本原因。

  7. 植被的垂直地带性 • 垂直地带性的产生，是地势升高所引起的水热因素垂直分异和对比关系迅速变化的结果。

  8. 植被的分布规律 （二）非地带性植被：在一定的气候带或大气候区内，因受地下水、地表水、地貌部位或地表组成物质等因素影响而生长的植被类型，如草甸、沼泽等。

  9. 生物群区（biome） • 生物群区：根据地带性植被所划分的生态系统类型。 • Biomes: tundra, tropical and temperate rainforest, taiga or boreal forest, temperate forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert.

  10. Distribution of these 8 biomes around the world

  11. 二、森林生态系统

  12. The forest biome Tropical forest A Wisconsin forest From left: Olympic Peninsula rain forest, Washington; Patria River, Costa Rica; Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar; Hawaiian forest

  13. The forest biome Temperate forest From left: Wisconsin woods; a forest along California's north coast; the forested hills of the Adirondacks, New York

  14. The forest biome Boreal forest (taiga) From left: taiga in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada; forest west of Stockholm, Sweden

  15. 三、草原生态系统

  16. The grassland biome A grassland west of Coalinga, California

  17. The grassland biome Tropical grasslands orSavanna Savanna in the Samburu Game Preserve, Kenya

  18. The grassland biome Temperate grassland Colorado prairie

  19. 三、荒漠生态系统

  20. The desert biome Hot and dry desert Sand dunes in Death Valley National Monument, California From left: Baja, Mexico desert; desert in Uluru National Park, Australia; desert near the Kofa Mountains, Arizona

  21. The desert biome Semiarid desert From left: Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, southern Nevada; sagebrush near Bridger, Montana; Castle Valley, Utah, east of Arches National Park

  22. The desert biome Coastal desert the Atacama Desert, the dryest desert of the world. Located in the northern part of Chile

  23. The desert biome Cold desert Lichen growing on Torgerson Island, Antarctica; kangaroo rat

  24. 四、苔原生态系统

  25. The tundra biome Arctic tundra Tundra along the Colville River, Alaska From left: tundra near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada; tundra in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

  26. The tundra biome Alpine tundra From left: alpine tundra in Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington; Dall Sheep in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

  27. 第二节 水域生态系统 • 水域类型及水域生态系统的基本特征 • 淡水生态系统 • 海洋生态系统

  28. 一、水域类型及水域生态系统的基本特征 • 水的密度大于空气； • 水的比热容较大，导热性能差； • 光线在水中的穿透力比在空气中小； • 水是一种良好的溶剂； • 水中的溶解氧较大气中的含量少。

  29. 二、淡水生态系统

  30. The freshwater biome Ponds and lakes A lake at Acadia National Park, Maine From left: a view across Manzanita Lake toward Mt. Lassen, California; a forest pond near Donnelly, Idaho; a Great Blue Heron; Paranagat Lake, southeastern Nevada

  31. The freshwater biome Streams and rivers From left: McArthur-Burney Falls State Park, California; trout; Green River, Utah; Brooks River, Alaska

  32. The freshwater biome Wetlands From left: Pescadero Marsh, California; coastal marsh at Umpqua Dunes, Oregon; trees and bogs on Esther Island, Alaska

  33. 三、海洋生态系统

  34. The marine biome Oceans From left: mussels, worms, and a spider crab at a hydrocarbon seep community in the Gulf of Mexico; a sea fan and brain coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; a school of Atlantic amberjack off North Carolina

  35. The marine biome Coral reefs From left: reef life in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea; a reef at Fanning Island atoll in the central Pacific; a reef in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

  36. The marine biome Estuaries From left: Mangrove roots, south Florida; wetlands and tidal streams in the Ashe Island area, ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina; a salt marsh in Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina

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