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Understanding Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and the Conservation of Energy in Calorimetry

This chapter explores fundamental concepts of temperature, thermal expansion, and energy conservation through calorimetry. It discusses the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, detailing thermal equilibrium between objects. The chapter also compares temperature scales, including Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin, alongside critical points like absolute zero. It defines thermal expansion coefficients and the principles of calorimetry, illustrating the relationship between heat transfer and temperature differences. This foundational understanding of thermodynamics is essential for studying energy interactions in physical systems.

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Understanding Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and the Conservation of Energy in Calorimetry

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  1. Chapter XTemperature and Head • Temperature and Temperature Scale • Thermal Expansion • Conservation of Energy: Calorimetry

  2. A. Temperature and Temperature Scale The zeroth law ofthermodynamics (the law of equilibrium): If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C,then objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Celcius Reamur Fahrenheit Kalvin steam point of water (A) 100 80 212 373 32 273 0 0 ice point of water (B) 0 absolute zero

  3. According to classical physics, the kinetic energy of the gas molecules would become zero at absolute zero, and molecularmotion would cease; hence, the molecules would settle out on the bottom of thecontainer. Quantum theory modifies this model and shows that some residual energy, called the zero-point energy, would remain at this low temperature.

  4. B Thermal Expansion α = average coefficient of linear expansion γ = average coefficient of area expansion β = average coefficient of volume expansion

  5. C. Conservation of Energy: Calorimetry heat capacity = C The specific heat = c Q = m c t Qenter = Qleave Heat is the transfer ofenergy from one object to another object as a result of a difference in temperature between the two.

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