216-472/795 Managing Connected Enterprise

1. 216-472/795 Managing Connected Enterprise Weeks 3 and 4 Samar Mukhopadhyay Fall 2017

2. From Industry 1.0 to 4.0

3. From Industry 1.0 to 4.0

4. Industry 1.0 and 2.0 • Industry 4.0 • The first industrial revolution starts around 1780s through the introduction of mechanical production facilities with help of water and steam power. • The second industrial revolution took place 30 years later when the first electricity powered assembly line was built in 1870. The era of mass production has begun.

5. Industry 3.0 • The third industrial revolution started in the late 1960s when the first programmable logistic controller (PLC) Modicon 084 was built. It enabled production automation through the use of electronic and IT systems.

6. Industry 4.0 • The industrial revolution 4.0 is happening today through the use of cyber-physical systems. It means that physical systems such as machines and robotics will be controlled by automation systems equipped with machine learning algorithms. Minimal input from human operators will be needed.

7. Industry 4.0 is a collective term • For technologies and concepts of value chain organization. • Is based on the technological concepts of cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Thingsand the Internet of Services,  • Facilitates the vision of the Smart Factory • Basic principle: By connecting machines, work pieces and systems, intelligent networks are created along the entire value chain that can control each other autonomously

8. Some examples • Machines which can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously • Self-organized logistics which react to unexpected changes in production • Siemens' PLC manufacturing plant in Amberg, Germany automated the production of its automation systems. The result is a reported 99.99885 percent “perfect” production quality rate • How it worksExample

9. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) • Definition: A system of collaborating computational elements controlling physical entities. • CPS are physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated, controlled and integrated by a computing and communication core. • They allow us to add capabilities to physical systems by merging computing and communication with physical processes.

10. Cyber-Physical Systems  • Monitors physical processes, • Creates a virtual copy of the physical world • Makes decentralized decisions. • Communicates and cooperates with each other and humans in real time, over the Internet of Things

11. CPS Benefits • Safer and more efficient systems • Reduce the cost of building and operating the systems • Build complex systems that provide new capabilities • Reduced cost of computation, networking, and sensing • Enables national or global scale CPS’s

12. A real-world example of such a system is the Distributed Robot Garden at MIT in which a team of robots tend a garden of tomato plants. • This system combines distributed sensing (each plant is equipped with a sensor node monitoring its status, navigation, manipulation and wireless networking.

13. CPS in Manufacturing • Comprise: • smart machines • storage systems and • production facilities • Is capable of • autonomously exchanging information • triggering actions • controlling each other independently

14. Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition (SMLC) • A US initiative working on the future of manufacturin • Aim is to enable stakeholders in the manufacturing industry • To form collaborative R & D, implementation and advocacy groups • For development of the approaches, standards, platforms and shared infrastructure • That facilitate the broad adoption of manufacturing intelligence

15. The Industrial Internet • An initiative by GE to bring together the advances of two transformative revolutions: • (a) The myriad machines, facilities, fleets and networks that arose from the Industrial Revolution, and • (b) The more recent powerful advances in computing, information and communication systems brought to the fore by the Internet Revolution

16. Industry 4.0: six design principles • Interoperability: the ability of CPS (i.e. work piece carriers, assembly stations and products), humans and Smart Factories to connect and communicate with each other via the Internet of Things and the Internet of Services • Virtualization: a virtual copy of the Smart Factory which is created by linking sensor data (from monitoring physical processes) with virtual plant models and simulation models

17. Decentralization: the ability of CPSwithin Smart Factories to make decisions on their own • Real-Time Capability: the capability to collect and analyze data and provide the insights immediately

18. Service Orientation: offering of services (of CPS, humans and Smart Factories) via the Internet of Services • Modularity: flexible adaptation of Smart Factories for changing requirements of individual modules

19. Differences between a typical factory today and an Industry 4.0 factory Current industry environment • Key to success is providing high-end quality service or product with the least cost • Achieve as much performance as possible to increase profit. • Data sources are used to provide worthwhile information about different aspects of the factory. • The utilization of data for understanding the current condition and detecting faults and failures is an important topic to research.

20. Industry 4.0 Factory • In addition to condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, components and systems are able to gain self-awareness and self-prediction • These will provide management with more insight on the status of the factory • Furthermore, peer-to-peer comparison and fusion of health information from various components provides a precise health prediction in component and system levels

21. Force factory management to trigger required maintenance at the best possible time to reach just-in time maintenance and gain near zero downtime • Modern information and communication technologies like CPS, Big Data and Cloud Computing help predict the possibility to increase productivity, quality and flexibility

22. Support Custom Manufacturing • Meet an individual customer’s requirements • The dynamic value chains of Industry 4.0 enable customer- and product-specific coordination of • design, configuration, ordering, planning, production and logistics. • Provides the opportunity to incorporate last-minute requests for changes immediately prior to or even during production.

23. TODAY

24. Today’s automotive industry is characterized by • Static production lines (with predefined sequences) which are hard to reconfigure to make new product variants. • Software-supported Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) are normally designed with narrowly defined functionality based on the production line’s hardware and are therefore equally static.

25. Individuality is not encouraged. • It is not possible to incorporate individual customer requests to include an element from another product group made by the same company • For example to fit a Volkswagen with Porsche seats.

26. TOMORROW

27. Industry 4.0: Dynamic Production Lines • Vehicles become smart products that move autonomously through the assembly shop from one CPS-enabled processing module to another. • The dynamic reconfiguration of production lines makes it possible to mix and match the equipment with which vehicles are fitted • Individual variations (e.g. fitting a seat from another vehicle series) can be implemented at any time

28. Challenges in implementation of Industry 4.0 • IT security issues, which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up those previously closed production shops • Reliability and stability needed for critical machine-to-machine communication (M2M), including very short and stable latency times • Need to maintain the integrity of production processes • Need to avoid any IT snags, as those would cause expensive production outages

29. Need to protect industrial know how (contained also in the control files for the industrial automation gear) • Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the march towards fourth industrial revolution • Threat of redundancy of the corporate IT department • General reluctance to change by stakeholders • Loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes, especially for lower educated parts of society

30. Impact of Industry 4.0 • Services and business models • Reliability and continuous productivity • IT security: Companies like Symantec, Cisco, and Penta Security have already begun to address the issue of IoT security • Machine safety • Product lifecycles • Industry value chain • Workers' education and skills

31. Socio-economic factors • Industry Demonstration: To help industry understand the impact of Industry 4.0 • Beneficial effects for emerging economies such as India.