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Energy Security of Cities in Korea

Research Workshop Interconnections of Global Problems in East Asia October 18 th – 21 st , Seoul, South Korea. Energy Security of Cities in Korea. YUN, Sun-Jin (Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University ). Contents. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development

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Energy Security of Cities in Korea

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  1. Research Workshop Interconnections of Global Problems in East Asia October 18th – 21st, Seoul, South Korea EnergySecurity of Cities in Korea YUN, Sun-Jin (Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University)

  2. Contents • Energy, Society and Sustainable Development • The Current Status of Energy P & C • The Current Status of GHG Emission • Energy P & C by Region • E5 in Korea • Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Korea

  3. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development

  4. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development Energy understood by Modernists • Five Stages of Growth by Walt Rostow (1960): • Traditional Society  The Preconditions for Take-off  The Take-off  The Drive to Maturity  The Age of High Mass-Consumption • Leslie White: C = E  T • Technology is an attempt to solve the problems of survival. • This attempt ultimately means capturing enough energy and • diverting it for human needs. • Societies that capture more energy and use it more efficiently • have an advantage over other societies • Therefore, these different societies are more advanced in an • evolutionary sense. 3

  5. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development The Relationship b/w Energy & Civilization • Tacit Social Assumption: Is this Valid? C = k (energy) ? • Questions on Civilization • What is civilization? • What are criteria to judge the level of civilization? • How are energy and civilization related to each other? • The more energy, the better society? 4

  6. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development Energy and Energy System • Since energy production, consumption and distribution occur in a certain social system’ network (Winner, 1982), the energy issue has to be dealt with from a perspective on energy system not just energysources. • The Energy system of a society is related to “social-technological-economic system.” • Hard energy path vs. Soft energy path by Emory Lovins • Unsustainable energy system vs. Sustainable energy system 5

  7. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development Energy and Sustainable Development Environmental Environmental Low carbon Low pollution Environmental Stress Energy Sustainable Energy Prerequisite of Human needs Supply security Efficiency Motor of economic activities Equity Democratic participation Social Social Economic Economic 6

  8. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development <Centralized System> < Decentralized System > 7

  9. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development <Source: Alanne and Saari, 2006, “Distributed energy generation and Sustainable development,” Renewables and Sustainable Energy, 10(6): 539-558> 8

  10. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development <Decentralized System> < Distributed System > <Source: Alanne and Saari, 2006, “Distributed energy generation and Sustainable development,” Renewables and Sustainable Energy, 10(6): 539-558> 9

  11. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development Basic Right for Energy & Energy Welfare <Source: Martinez와 Ebenback, 2008, UNDP, 2005> • Energy is necessary for maintaining the quality of human life. • Energy is directly relevant to welfare. • “Basic right for energy”: Securing access to energy • Energy supply does not need to increase continuously: HDI and Energy • The amount of energy required to meet basic human needs has decreased. 10

  12. 1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development Energy and Sustainable Development: An Evolving Agenda <Source: AdilNajam and Cutler J. Cleveland, 2003, “Energy and Sustainable Development at Global Summits,” Environment, Development and Sustainability, Vol. 5: 117-138> 11

  13. 2. Energy and Sustainability Simultaneous Crises Oil price increase, deepened polarization, climate disaster increase  More risks to poor people Depletion of Resources Increase of Energy Consumption Increase of GHG Emissions Global energy consumption 40% increase by 2030 (compared with 07) World GDP 5~20% decrease annually with existing economy Resource R/P (Oil42yrs, Gas 60yrs,Coal 122yrs) BP statistical Review(09) UKStern Review (06) IEA(09) 12

  14. 2. The Current Status of Energy Production & Consumption in Korea

  15. 2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea Increasing Global Energy Consumption 14 <Source: IEA, 2009>

  16. 2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea R/P of Oil and Production & Consumption (Unit: Year) Production (3820.5 MT) Asia Pacific 10.0% World 45.7 yrs Africa 12.0% Middle East30.3% Europe & Eurasia 22.4% Middle & South America6.4% North America 16.5% Middle & South America Middle East Consumption (3882.1 MT) Asia Pacific 31.0% Africa3.7% Africa Europe & Eurasia Middle East8.7% North America Asia Pacific Europe & Eurasia 23.5% Middle & South America6.6% North America 26.4% 15 <Source: BP, 2010>

  17. 2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea Per Capita Energy Consumption & R/P (07) <Source: BP, 2010> 16

  18. 2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea Exploitation Introduction Primary Energy Transformation•Loss Final Energy Flow of E. Production & Consumption (07) Import 96.5% [950Billion $] 236.5MTOE [100%] 55.0MTOE [23.3%] 181.5MTOE[76.7%] self-exploitation Import line Oil 4.2% Industry 57.6% Refining 2.8Mb/d 873MB Middle east(80.7%) Town gas 44.6% Raw material24.6% 18.885 MTOE Heat LNG Residential•Commercial 19.8% 1.438MTOE 25.6MT QatarOmanIndonesia 14.7% Electricity Transport 20.4% Bituminous coal 4,031B kWh 37.7% 79.4MT Australia China Indonesia Nuclear35.5% Bituminous37.3% LNG 19.4% Oil4.5% Anthracite1.1% Hydro1.3% N& R 0.9% 22.9% Others2.3% Uranium 823TU Nuclear Russia USAustralia 13.0% 5.4MT China Australia Vietnam 2.4% Anthracite New& Renewable 2.4% Domestic prod.3.5% 17

  19. 3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea TheTrendof GDP Energy Consumption 18

  20. 3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea TheTrendof GDP Energy Consumption Electricity consumption Electricity consumption/capita Energy intensity 19

  21. 3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea GDP & Energy Consumption by growth rate 20

  22. 3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea Economic Growth, Energy, & Electricity GDP 1% Increase  Energy Demand 0.98% Increase GDP 1 % Increase  Elect. Demand 0.98% Increase Energy Demand g/r GDP g/r Elect. Demand g/r GDP g/r 21 <Source: Yong-Seok Yang, 2010>

  23. 3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea Primary Energy Consumption by Sources Coal Oil Nuclear Other <Source: KEMCO, 2009> 22

  24. 3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea Energy Consumption and Value-added Energy Value-added Energy Value-added Energy Value-added Others Fabricated metal Iron & Steel* Non-metallic* Petro-chemical* Paper & Publication* Textile Apparel Food Tabacco Energy-intensive Industry* <Source: KEMCO, 2009> 23

  25. 3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea Comparison among Countries (2007) Data: IEA, 2009, Key World Energy Statistics, KEEI, Yearbook of Energy Statistics, 2009 Note: Korea ranked 12th in terms of GDP in the same year, 2007. 24

  26. Transmission Sites 3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea The Status of Nuclear In Korea • Total 20 reactors under operation  28 reactors in 2016 • Nuclear-generated electricity accounted for 35% • 22 more reactors are planed to be constructed by 2022 Capital areas consume 38% : under operation : under construction : under planning Ulchin Wolsung Youngkwang Kori 25

  27. 4. Energy Crises World Top 10 Nuclear Countries (2007) Note: World total nuclear capacity was372GW in 2007 (total top 10 country’s was324GW, total of others’ was48GW). OECD accounted for 84.3% electricity-generated by nuclear. Nuclear-generated electricity accounted for 13.8% of total electricity generation. Data IEA, 2009, Key World Energy Statistics; National Statistical Office, 2010. 26

  28. 3. The Current Status of GHG Emissions in Korea

  29. Global Mean Temperature Change (since 1906): +0.74℃ Global Mean Temperature Change (since 1912): +1.5℃ 4. Energy Crises Proceeding of Climate Change in Korea Korea Mean Temperature (deg C) <Source : Won-Tae Kwon, 2007> 29

  30. 4. Energy Crises GHG Emissions by Gas & by Sector (2006) PFCs HFCs SF6 Waste N2O Transformation (35.5%) CO2 Agri. CH4 Energy Industry (31.3%) Industrial Process Transportation (19.8%) Res./Com. (11.3%) Pub./Others (0.9%) Leakage (1.2%) (Unit: MTCO2) 30 <Source, Ministry of Economy and Knowledge, 2009>

  31. 4. Energy Crises Basic National Plans for Energy & Elec. Unit: MTOE DSM <Energy Mix> Coal LNG Oil New & Oth. Nuke • The 4th Electricity Demand & Supply Plan - Elect. Demand increase 2.1% in average('08: 3,686→‘22: 500.1billion kWh) - 12 Nuclear reactors, 7 Coal-fired, 11 LNG 11 are planned to be constructed more during ‘09~’22. - The share of nuclear capacity 33%, the share of generation 48% by 2022 31

  32. 2. GHG Emissions and Climate Actions in Korea Climate Change-related Responses: Plans & Acts(2)

  33. Defensive position Relatively Proactive

  34. 3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target Significance Target Setting Background of Establishing Mid-Term Target in Korea G20 in Toyako, Japan (July 2008) : The President, Lee Myung-bak announced a plan to build Korea’s national mid-term reduction target by the end of 2009 G20 in L’Aquila, Italy (July 2009) : The President, Lee Myung-bak reannounced its’ plan for mid-term reduction target August 2009: The Presidential Committee on Green Growth announced three scenarios of Korea’s reduction target Domestic Dimension International Dimension Early Mover Upgrading brand value of Nation and Business Acting as a Mediator b/w Developed and Developing Countries Past 60 yrs:‘Export target’ Future 60 yrs:‘Reduction Target’ Sharing Signal of People & Business Key Indicator of Low Carbon Green Growth Upgrading the image of Korea Playing a Leading Role in Int’l Nego. Inducing Transition of Development paradigm

  35. 3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target Three Scenarios of Mid-Term Target in Korea

  36. 3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target Prospect of Korea’s Mid-term GHG Emissions Gradual decrease of annual growth rate of total emissions Decreasing trend of CO2 intensity (tCO2/million Won) Increasing trend of per capita emissions resulting from income increase and population decrease Total emissions (MtCO2) CO2 Intensity (tCO2/Mwon) Per capita emission(tCO2) (Source: PCGG)

  37. 3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target Comparison of Three Targets (Unit: MtCO2) BAU Vs. BAU 37% 99% Vs. 2000 0% Mid-term Target was determined in November 2011, and submitted to the UN in Jan. 2010 (Source: PCGG)

  38. 3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target GHG Emission Mitigation Policies (Source: PCGG)

  39. 3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target Korea’s GHG Management System Submission to UNFCCC Ministry of Env’t as a delegator National GHG inventory National Center for GHG Inventory & Research (ME) Target Setting Program Non-industrial sector reduction Companies to be managed Submission of statements Ministries in charge of each sector Residential Transpor-tation Public Specified management

  40. 4. Energy Production & Consumption by Region & by Class in Korea

  41. Acceptance of nuclear plants in my community 4. Energy Crises Public Awareness of Nuclear in Korea (09) Where will nuclear planted be sited? Unit: % Necessity Nuclear safety Waste safety Additional Same capacity Acceptance in communities Agree: 26.9% Disagree: 61.4% 41

  42. 4. Energy Crises Income and Energy Poverty (1) <Source: National Statistical Office, 2010 Modified> 42

  43. 4. Energy Crises Income and Energy Poverty (2) Note: 1. LPG included in gas, Hot water included in heat, Energy costs exclude hot water and firewood. 2. Figures by energy source means expenditures for energy per 10 thousand won of income. Source: Ministry of Economy and Knowledge, 2008 43

  44. 4. Energy Crises Income and Energy Poverty (3) Expansion of energy welfare required  Not just more supply of energy, but energy price system restructured, policy target group needs to be extended, energy efficiency improvement required 44

  45. 4. Energy Crises Separation of Producing sites and Consuming Sites and Transmission Power Plants Consuming Sites • Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Noise Long distance transmission required • Pleasant • Comfortable Economic Costs Socio-Environmental Costs • Transmission and distribution loss in Korea is 2%, respectively, inaverage, • Long distance transmission cause high electricity loss High voltage transmission lines are preferred  Resulting in high installation costs • High costs required for maintenance and repair • Health threat to local residents along with transmission facilities: Increasing concerns about microelectronic waves • Invasion of property rights by compulsory purchase and land price down • Deforestation and damage on landscape because of installation of transmission facilities. 45

  46. 4. Energy Crises The Current Electricity Price System By Use Households Commercial, Industrial, Educational Agricultural, Street lights - Differential basic rates - Progressive rates beyond basic level (High Voltage: 6stages10times; Low voltage: 6 stages11.7times) - Differential rates by voltage • Differential rates by voltage • - Differential rates by season • - Differential rates by time • - Selective rates by loads - Differential rates by kinds of crops Gap (grain production) Eul (raising seedling) Byung (crop production) - Single charge for street lights <Source: Korea Electricity Association,Yearbook of Electricity2009> No charges to general consumers by transmission distances 46

  47. 4. Energy Crises 47

  48. 4. Energy Crises Production & Consumption by Primary Energy Source 48

  49. 4. Energy Crises Electricity Consumption by Sector 49

  50. 4. Energy Crises Electricity Consumption by Sector National average: 3051.0 50

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