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Reconstruction (1865-1876) Essential Questions

Explore the essential questions of the Reconstruction period in the United States, including bringing the South back into the Union, integrating and protecting newly-emancipated black freedmen, and determining which branch of government should control the process. Learn about President Lincoln's and President Johnson's plans, Southern defiance, and the impact of Radical Reconstruction.

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Reconstruction (1865-1876) Essential Questions

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  1. Reconstruction (1865-1876)

  2. Essential Questions 1. How tobring the Southback into the Union? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen? 2. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction?

  3. President Lincoln’s Plan • 10% Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 1863) • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military Confederate officers. • When 10% of the state’s voters had taken an oath of loyalty, accepted Eman. Pro and established a government, it would be recognized. • Did not consult Congress

  4. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • Required over 50% of state’s voters to take an oath of allegiance. • Then state elections could be held. • Lincoln killed the Bill. SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)

  5. Lincoln is Assassinated

  6. President Johnson’s Plan • Offered amnesty upon oath to all (except Confederate military officers and wealthy southern planters) • Required to ratify 13th amendment • No minimum percentage of loyal voters needed to form state gov’t.

  7. Southern Defiance • Purpose of Black Codes: • Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations. • Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. • Groups like the KKK formed

  8. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill. • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

  9. Talk to your neighbor: • How was President Johnson’s readmission plan different from President Lincolns? • What happens as a result of President Johnson’s leniency towards the South?

  10. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

  11. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Citizenship granted to everyone born in the United States. • Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

  12. Radical Plan for Readmission • New Requirements for Readmission • Ratify the 14th Amendment • Rewrite state constitution which would allow freedmen to vote • Form new gov’t which would be elected by all male citizens, including African-Americans

  13. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

  14. New Governments in the South • Scalawags: supporters of reconstruction • Carpetbaggers: Northerners that came to take part in the region’s political and economic growth • 700 freedmen served in Southern legislatures, 16 sent to congress

  15. Black "Adjustment" in the South

  16. Responses to Freedom • Many freedmen moved to urban areas • Some moved West to become cowboys, business owners, miners, and soldiers • Most stayed in the rural south • Freedmen’s Bureau began 4,000 schools and many African Americans began to get an education

  17. Share Cropping • The employer provided the land, seed, tools, a mule, and a cabin. • Sharecropper would provide labor and share part of the profits of their crop.

  18. Sharecropping

  19. Reconstruction Ends • Discontent with Reconstruction • Army still needed in South • African-Americans still in poverty • Southern economy still in bad shape • Federal Troops are removed and reconstruction gov’ts crumble • Lasting impact: 14th and 15th Amendments

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