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CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE (1945-Present)

CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE (1945-Present). Unit IXC AP U.S. History. Fundamental Questions. How did American society change in relation to America’s superpower status? To what extent did civil rights expand from 1950 to 2010?. Baby Boom (1946-1964). Causes G.I. Bill

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CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE (1945-Present)

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  1. CONTEMPORARY AMERICANSOCIETY AND CULTURE(1945-Present) Unit IXC AP U.S. History

  2. Fundamental Questions • How did American society change in relation to America’s superpower status? • To what extent did civil rights expand from 1950 to 2010?

  3. Baby Boom (1946-1964) • Causes • G.I. Bill • Postwar recovery • Economic expansion • Effects • 79 million Americans born • Marriage rates increase • “M.R.S. Degree” • Family size increase • 3.77 (1957)

  4. Rise of Suburbia • Causes • Postwar economic expansion • Great Migration • Levittown • Details • Single-family homes • Subdivisions and zoning • Shopping malls • Effects • Higher concentrations of upper-to-middle class whites • Urban decay

  5. Second Red Scare (1947-1957) • Cold War Fears • Duck and Cover • “He May Be a Communist” • McCarthyism • Demographics: • Republican • Conservative Protestants and Catholics • Blue-collar workers • Tactics • Media and Television • Blacklisting • Reaction • Army-McCarthy Hearing (1954) • “Decency” • Edward R. Murrow of CBS • Public Outcry

  6. Nifty Fifties - Homogenous CultureThe American Dream • Corporate America • White-collar jobs • Business dress codes • Consumerism • Credit cards • Shopping malls and strip malls • Advertising • Brand name proliferation • Franchises

  7. Nifty Fifties - Homogenous CultureEntertainment • Television • Replaced the radio as new broadcasting medium • 77% of households owned a TV • Helped spread the American homogenous culture • Ozzie and Harriet • Leave it to Beaver • Father Knows Best • Movies • Cold War-themed films • The Day the Earth Stood Still • Invasion of the Body Snatchers • Music • LP records • Crooners to Rock and Roll • Literature • Paperbacks • Short stories • Realistic Modernists • The Catcher in the Rye (1951) • The Old Man and the Sea (1952) • The Crucible (1953)

  8. Nifty Fifties - Homogenous CultureWomen • Suburban and middle-class growth reinforced cult of domesticity • “Know your role” • The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care by Dr. Spock • Increased employment opportunities • Growing dissatisfaction concerning unequal wages

  9. Nifty Fifties - Homogenous CultureReligion and Rebellion • Increased religion • Less doctrine, more faith • Fear of Communism • Evangelism • Billy Graham • Rebellion • Against conformity, consumerism, Corporate America • Juvenile delinquency • Beat Generation • Rejection of conformity and materialism • Experimentation • Beatniks

  10. Postwar Reconstruction 13th Amendment end slavery 15th Amendment black suffrage Freedmen’s Bureau Ku Klux Klan and White League Disenfranchisement Plessy v. Ferguson Separate, but equal Jim Crow Laws in the South Progressive Era Gains Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois NAACP and National Urban League Great Migration 1920s Setbacks and Hope Race riots after WWI Lynchings KKK returns Marcus Garvey Harlem Renaissance 1930s Developments New Deal Coalition New Deal provided some relief programs Limited civil rights legislation Civil Rights MovementBackground

  11. Civil Rights MovementBeginning of Progress (1940s) • Smith v. Allwright (1944) • Prohibit all white primaries • March on Washington Movement • A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin • Jackie Robinson and Baseball (1947) • Executive Order 9981 (1948) • Desegregation of government and military

  12. Civil Rights MovementDesegregation • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Desegregation of schools • Overrules “separate but equal” • “all deliberate speed” • White Southern Reaction • Southern Manifesto (1956) • Little Rock Nine (1957) • Eisenhower orders National Guard to escort black students to Arkansas high school • Stand at Schoolhouse Door (1963) • University of Alabama • Governor George Wallace • “Segregation Now…”

  13. Civil Rights MovementRosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks (Dec. 1, 1955) • Segregation on Montgomery, AL buses • Refused to give up her seat and arrested • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956) • Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

  14. Civil Rights MovementMartin Luther King Jr. and Passive Resistance • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (1957) • Church network founded by MLK to promote civil rights • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (1960) • Sit-Ins • Lunch counters at Woolworth’s • Freedom Riders • Racially mixed bus trips through South • Encountered violent Southern reaction • Birmingham Campaign (1963) • MLK’s Letter from Birmingham Jail • March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963) • I Have a Dream • Selma March (1965) • March from Selma to Montgomery to end Southern disenfranchisement laws • Bloody Sunday (March 7)

  15. Civil Rights MovementFederal Government Intervenes • Civil Rights Act of 1957 • Civil Rights Commission • Strom Thurmond filibuster • Civil Rights Act of 1960 • 24th Amendment (1964) • Prohibited poll taxes • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Ended racial segregation in employment and public accommodations • Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Outlawed racial disenfranchisement • Thurgood Marshall on Supreme Court (1967)

  16. Civil Rights MovementA Different Approach • Nation of Islam • Elijah Muhammad • Malcolm X • Originally, taught Black supremacy and separatism • Later, favored integration and Black self-determination • Black Power • Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) • Black Panthers • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • “Kill or Get Whitey!” “Burn, baby, burn!” • Public Reaction • Race riots • Backlash on Black Panthers and Nation of Islam

  17. Swinging SixtiesNew Left • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) (1962) • Tom Hayden • Condemned corporatism, racism, poverty, Vietnam War (“The Establishment”) • Demanded participatory democracy • Berkeley Free Speech Movement (1964-1965) • Weathermen • Violent group branched off from SDS

  18. Swinging SixtiesCounterculture Movement • Hippies/Flower Children • Non-violent anarchism • Rejection of materialism • Concern for the environment • Youth International Party (Yippies) • Abbie Hoffman • Radical hippies known for theatrical protests and tactics • Sexual Revolution (1960s-1980s) • Kinsey studies, novels, magazines • Contraception and premarital sex • Abortion and Roe v. Wade (1973) • Drug Use • Marijuana • LSD (acid)

  19. Swinging SixtiesMusic as Expression • Themes • Anti-Establishment • Anti-war • Promotion of counterculture • War - Edwin Starr • Artists • Bob Dylan • Jim Morrison • Rolling Stones • The Beatles • Joan Baez • Jimi Hendrix • Woodstock (1969) • 500,000 attend 3-day rock concert

  20. Vietnam Protests Self-immolation was an extreme form of protest. Here, Buddhist monk, Thich Quang Duc, before the U.S. escalation. A few Americans engaged in this extreme act of protest during Vietnam.

  21. 1968The Year of Rage • Tet Offensive (Jan. 30) • Nguyen Van Lem Assassinated (Feb. 1) • My Lai Massacre (Mar. 16) • LBJ Withdraws (Mar. 31) • MLK Assassination (Apr. 4) • Columbia University Protests (Apr. 23-30) • Robert Kennedy Assassination (June 5) • Democratic National Convention Riots (Aug. 22-30) • Nixon wins election (Nov. 5)

  22. Kent State University (1970) • Student protests of Cambodia invasion • Ohio National Guard opened fire, killing 4 students and wounding 9 students (May 4, 1970) • President Nixon responded with indifference • Majority of Americans blamed students • Emphasized turmoil in America over Vietnam and the youth-based counterculture Mary Ann Vecchio in anguish over Jeffrey Miller * Pulitzer Prize winning photo

  23. Feminist Movement • The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan (1963) • Inspiration for women to seek higher opportunities beyond housewives • National Organization of Women (NOW) • Activist group for equality and opportunity for women • Gloria Steinem • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Congress passed equality in all aspects of society based on gender • Phyllis Schlafly inspires its defeat

  24. Failure of ERA Ratification

  25. Civil Rights Movement Fuels Other Minorities • Hispanics • United Farm Workers Organization • Cesar Chavez • Exploited for cheap labor, especially in agricultural sector • Boycotts in retaliation to exploitation of immigrants • Si Se Puede! • Will become second largest demographic fueled by immigration • Neo-nativism development • Natives • American Indian Movement (AIM) • Indian Self-Determination Act (1975) • Homosexuals • Gay Liberation Movement • Setbacks • Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) • Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (1993) • Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (1996) • Achievements • Lawrence v. Texas (2003) • Same-sex marriage*

  26. Contemporary Labor • Taft-Hartley Act • AFL-CIO (1955) • United Farm Workers (UFW) • Labor weakens • PATCO Strike (1981) • NAFTA (1994) • Private-sector union membership decreased • Public-sector union organizations and membership expanded

  27. The Sunbelt and Rustbelt • Why the Sunbelt? • Low taxes, warmer climates, defense industries, right-to-work, immigrants • Rustbelt • Deindustrialization due to globalization, domestic policies, demographics. migration

  28. Contemporary Immigration • Pushes • Escape communist regimes or developing nations • Pulls • Seek American Dream • Immigration Demographics by 1980s • 47% from Latin America • 37% from Asia • 12% from Europe and Canada • Immigration Policies • Immigration Act of 1965 • Eliminated 1920s quota laws • Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) • Penalties for illegal immigration employment • Illegal immigrants before 1982 granted residency • Multicultural Society

  29. Health and Science Developments and Issues • Technology • Industrial Automation • Airplanes/NASA • Computers/Internet • Health • Polio vaccine • Jonas Salk (1955) • Graying of America • HIV/AIDS • Education • Research and Development • Environment • Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962) • Go Green

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