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Pinworm

Pinworm. By Sarah Neeld. History.

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Pinworm

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  1. Pinworm By Sarah Neeld

  2. History • The first evidence of pinworm infection dates back to Roman-occupied Egypt (30 BC- 395AD), and the oldest known pinworm ova have been found in human coprolites dating back to 7800BC. Pinworm has also been referenced in the ancient writings of Hippocrates from 430 BC. • It is hypothesized that this parasite did not originate in the Americas, but rather arrived via land route through the Beringia. Pinworm is one of the few helminthes that could have possibly arrived through this route, as most helminthes require a particular soil temperature to progress to the infective stage.

  3. Pinworms, also known as Oxyuriasis or Enterobius vermicularisare parasitic worms which hatch from microscopic eggs. Pinworm eggs are spread directly from person to person. They can also be spread by touching bedding, food, or other items contaminated with the eggs. The eggs are swallowed, and eventually hatch in the small intestine. The incubation period is usually 1 to 2 months or longer. Female worms then move to the child's anal area, typically at night, and deposit more eggs. (virulence)The eggs can live 2 to 3 weeks outside the body. This makes it extremely hard to get rid of. Medicines used, only kill the adult worms, not the ova. Therefore a second dose is needed two weeks later. The ova contain an outer sticky coating which allows it to adhere to different surfaces or to be easily picked up and transferred. What are Pinworms?

  4. The most common symptom of infection is anal itching, particularly at night, as worms migrate to the host's anal area to lay their eggs. Difficulty sleeping due to the itching that occurs during the night Irritated or infected skin around the anus, from constant scratching Irritation or discomfort of the vagina in young girls (if an adult worm enters the vagina rather than the anus) Loss of appetite and weight (uncommon, but can occur in severe infections) Symptoms

  5. The main way to test for pinworm is the cellophane-tape test. The tape is pressed against the anal skin which will adhere to adult worms or the sticky ova. This is then viewed under microscope to confirm the presence of pinworm. Diagnosis

  6. The best way to prevent pinworm infection is hand washing! Eggs are sticky and can stick to fingers if not washed after outdoor play, bathroom use or before eating they can be ingested. Treatment of pinworm are mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, and albendazole. All three of these drugs are to be given in 1 dose at first and then another single dose 2 weeks later. Pyrantel pamoate is available without prescription. All people living with the infected person is also to be treated to prevent spread or reinfection. Prevention and Treatment

  7. There are little to no real statics on the prevalence of Pinworm in the United States because it is not a reportable disease upon infection. This may also be due to the fact that over the counter treatment is available. The only statistical information found states pinworm infections in the US could be as high as 12%. Egg carrier rates vary between countries from 0.1-98.4% Statistics

  8. Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States Pinworms are thin and white, measuring about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (about 5 to 13 millimeters) in length. infections of the gastrointestinal tract occur in 4–28% of children worldwide Although, mainly found in the intestine or perianal area, pinworms have been found in multiple other locations, including the appendix. female worms migrate by night to the perianal region and deposit up to 11,000 eggs. Interesting Facts

  9. Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio: Over the course of five years data was taken from children who presented with symptoms of appendicitis. Out of 1,549 appendectomies preformed (1.4%) were found to contain Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) The mean age of the children was 8.2 years. 15 of these patients had symptoms of lower right quadrant pain, abdominal pain with pain lasting from 12 hours to 10 days. Nine patients had fevers above 99.0oF All symptomatic children underwent appendectomy. All patients were treated with a single 100-mg dose of oral mebendazolethat was repeated one week later. The average hospital stay was 2.54 days. *FabriciusHildanus was the first to describe appendiceal pinworms in 1634 Case Study

  10. Life Cycle Life cycle image courtesy of DPDx

  11. Pinworm, although highly contagious does not transmit other diseases. Other than anal itching and stomach upset, there is rarely severe cases of pinworm or death. The importance of studying pinworm may come from studies which suggest pinworm-if left untreated- may cause appendicitis which can be fatal. Why is the study of Pinworm Important?

  12. CDC. (2010, November 02). Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection). Retrieved October 2012, from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/ Dr. Floras. (2010, April 10). Retrieved October 2012, from Internal Health: http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pinworms&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=719&tbm=isch&tbnid=-hmRsiBX5UmvtM:&imgrefurl=http://www.drfloras.com/tag/pinworms-treatment/&docid=6MmP3Jo3U--vzM&imgurl=http://www.drfloras.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Pin-worm-1.jpg%253F9d7bd4&w=267&h=400&ei=vdaOUIDuLJGEiwKQnYHoAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=419&vpy=62&dur=1304&hovh=275&hovw=183&tx=92&ty=148&sig=105044661644932233460&page=4&tbnh=163&tbnw=109&start=55&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:55,i:338 Img. (2009, September 09). HealthMad. Retrieved October 2012, from Facts About Pinworms: http://healthmad.com/conditions-and-diseases/facts-about-pinworms/2/ Marion County Oregon. (2008). Pinworms. Retrieved October 2012, from Marion County Oregon: http://www.co.marion.or.us/HLT/PH/Epid/cdlist/pingen.htm Mayo Clinic. (2009, June 09). Pinworm Infection. Retrieved October 29, 2012, from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pinworm/DS00687 Pinworm. (2010, September 02). Retrieved October 2012, from WebMd: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/pinworms-topic-overview PubMedHealth. (2012, August). Pinworms. Retrieved October 2012, from US National Library of Medicine: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002137/ Works Cited

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