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Conservation Biology. Biodiversity. Trophic Levels. Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Quaternary Consumers. Trophic Levels. Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Quaternary Consumers. Keystone Species.
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Conservation Biology Biodiversity
Trophic Levels • Primary Producers • Primary Consumers • Secondary Consumers • Tertiary Consumers • Quaternary Consumers
Trophic Levels • Primary Producers • Primary Consumers • Secondary Consumers • Tertiary Consumers • Quaternary Consumers
Coyote –Keystone species in Walnut Killing coyotes means an increase in a few dominant species Residents complain about rodent problems when coyotes disappear Keystone Species
Biodiversity Levels • Genetic • Species • Community and Ecosystem
Biodiversity Levels • Alpha • Number of taxa in a local area • Gamma • Number of taxa in a region • Beta • The turnover of species from one habitat to another
Latitude 60 degrees N 40 degrees N 20 degrees N Ant Species 10 species 50 – 100 species 100 – 200 species Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity
Country Greenland New York Guatemala Colombia Bird Species 56 species 105 species 469 species 1395 species Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity
Location Arctic Waters Temperate Waters Tropical Seas Marine Species (Tunicates) 100 species 400 species 600 species Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity
Temperate Zone Habitats Marsh Grassland Shrubland Desert Coniferous Forests Upland Deciduous Floodplain Deciduous # of Bird Species (E. J. Tramer) 6 6 14 14 17 21 24 Latitude Belts
Foliage Height Diversity • Adding new layers adds new habitats for additional species
Mammals and Breeding Land Birds Increase from North to South More in the west Increases with heterogeneity Reptiles and Amphibians More abundant in East Reptiles – mountains Amphibians - water North American Diversity (MacArthur and MacArthur)
Island Biogeography • MacArthur and Wilson (1960’s)
Primary Productivity • The amount of light energy that is converted into chemical energy • Often expressed as biomass
Secondary Productivity • The rate at which an ecosystem converts the chemical energy of the food they eat into their own biomass • 10% rule
Biodiversity Crisis • Extinction Rates are increasing • Toxins (biological magnification) • Greenhouse effect / Ozone depletion • Overpopulation • Major threats to Biodiversity • Habitat Destruction • Overexploitation • Introduction of exotics
Conservation • Endangered Species • in danger of becoming extinct • Threatened Species • likely to become endangered in the near future • Genetic Diversity • Losing individuals or populations loses genetic diversity
Conservation • Edges • Corridors • Protect landscapes not individual species • Sustainable development
Population Viability Analysis • Predicts whether a species will persist in an environment • minimum viable population • effective population size
Extinction • Background • Several species a year just go extinct – They are replaced • Mass • Large scale extinction – species replaced due to adaptive radiation of remaining species • Anthropogenic • Large scale extinction – species being replaced by a single species (humans)
