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Human Development > Theories of Human Development Theories of Human Development • Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development • Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development • Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development • Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development • Attachment Theories Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology

Human Development > Theories of Human Development Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development • Freud believed that personality consisted of three interworking parts - the id, the ego, and the superego. • The five stages of his psychosexual development theory include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. • According to the theory, each stage of psychosexual development must be met successfully or children will grow to have problems in adulthood. • Freud's psychosexual theory is controversial and has been met with much criticism. Sigmund Freud View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/human-development/theories-of-human-development/freud-s-psychosexual-theory-of-development

Human Development > Theories of Human Development Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development • Moral dilemmas are stories that present conflicting ideas about two moral values.There is usually not a concrete or "right" answer because it is based on the individual person's perceptions. • Kohlberg defined three levels of moral development, each with two stages.The levels are known as preconventional, conventional and postconventional. • During the preconventional level, a child's sense of morality is controlled externally.Children accept and believe the rules of authority figures, such as parents and teachers, and they judge an action based on its consequence. • During the conventional level, a child's sense of morality is tied to personal and societal relationships.Children continue to accept the rules of authority figures, but it is due to the belief that this is what is necessary to ensure positive relationships and societal order. • During the postconventional level, a child's sense of morality is defined in terms of more abstract principles and values.Generally, the chosen principles are abstract rather than concrete, and they focus on ideas such as equality or dignity and respect. Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/human-development/theories-of-human-development/kohlberg-s-stages-of-moral-development

Human Development > Theories of Human Development Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development • During each of the eight development stages, two conflicting ideas must be resolved successfully in order for the person to become a confident, contributing member of society. • The eight stages of development include: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. • Erikson also expanded upon Freud's stages by discussing the cultural implications of development; certain cultures may need to resolve the stages in different ways based upon their cultural and survival needs. Erik Erikson View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/human-development/theories-of-human-development/erikson-s-stages-of-psychosocial-development

Human Development > Theories of Human Development Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development • The four stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development correspond with the age of the child and include the following: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. • The sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to age 2 and is characterized by the idea that infants "think" by manipulating the world around them. • The preoperational stage occurs from age 2 to age 7 and is characterized by the idea that children use symbols to represent their discoveries. • The concrete operational stage occurs from age 7 to age 11 and is characterized by the idea that children's reasoning becomes focused and logical. • The formal operational stage occurs from age 11 to adulthood and is characterized by the idea that children develop the ability to think in abstract ways. Jean Piaget View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/human-development/theories-of-human-development/piaget-s-theory-of-cognitive-development

Human Development > Theories of Human Development Attachment Theories • John Bowlby conceived of four stages of attachment that begin during infancy.These are preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, and formation of reciprocal relationships. • Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth both studied attachment in children, and formulated both the stages and different types of attachment. • Ainsworth identified four types of attachment that a child could possibly demonstrate: secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent, and disorganized. • Ainsworth identified four types of attachment that a child could possibly demonstrate - secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent and disorganized. Child showing attachment to parent View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/human-development/theories-of-human-development/attachment-theories

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Human Development Key terms • assimilationThe absorption of new ideas into an existing cognitive structure. • attachmentA strong bonding towards or with. • autonomySelf-government; freedom to act or function independently. • conscienceA personification of the moral sense of right and wrong, usually in the form of a person, a being or merely a voice that gives moral lessons and advices. • deductive reasoningInference in which the conclusion cannot be false given that the premises are true. • moralityRecognition of the distinction between good and evil or between right and wrong; respect for and obedience to the rules of right conduct; the mental disposition or characteristic of behaving in a manner intended to produce morally good results. • object permanenceThe understanding (typically developed during early infancy) that an object still exists even when it disappears from sight, or other senses. • Oedipus conflictDenotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrates upon a child's desire to sexually possess the parent of the opposite sex • psychosexualOf or relating to the psychological aspect or aspects of sexuality. • psychosocialHaving both psychological and social aspects. • reciprocitya relation of mutual dependence or action or influence • separation anxietyA psychological condition in some children, characterized by apprehension when separated from a parent Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Human Development • TransitivityThe idea that if A is related to B, and B is related to C, then A must be related to C. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Human Development Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud developed his theory of development based on five psychosexual stages. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Sigmund Freud LIFE."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud_LIFE.jpgView on Boundless.com

Human Development Personality Development Diagram of an analogy using an iceberg to explain how the id, ego and superego work together to develop personality. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Id ego superego."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Id_ego_superego.jpgView on Boundless.com

Human Development Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development Kolhberg's stages of moral development uses moral dilemmas to teach individuals the difference between right and wrong. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Kohlberg Model of Moral Development."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kohlberg_Model_of_Moral_Development.pngView on Boundless.com

Human Development Erik Erikson Erikson developed the eight stages of psychosocial development based on Freud's psychosexual theory. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Erik Erikson."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erik_Erikson.pngView on Boundless.com

Human Development Conservation task This video features 3 children completing conservation tasks.The first 2 children are confronted with a classic conservation task concerning liquid volumes.The first child does not understand conservation and is likely in the preoperational stage.The second child does understand conservation, the principle that even though the appearance of substances may change, their key properties (such as volume) do not change.The second child is in the concrete operational stage.The third child, when confronted with conservation tasks, fails to show an understanding of conservation.Thus, she is likely still in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com YouTube."Conservation task."Youtube Licensehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtLEWVu815oView on Boundless.com

Human Development Jean Piaget Piaget's theory of child development is still one of the most widely-accepted in modern day. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Jean Piaget."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Piaget.jpgView on Boundless.com

Human Development Child showing attachment to parent Children who have secure attachment to parents are more likely to be successful adults. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Child-development."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Child-development.JPGView on Boundless.com

Human Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Human Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/

Human Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER."Psychology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors."CC BY 3.0http://www.saylor.org/majors/Psychology/

Human Development Attribution • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/oedipus-conflict • Wiktionary."conscience."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conscience • Wiktionary."psychosexual."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychosexual • WIKIBOOKS."Applied History of Psychology/Personality."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Personality • CONNEXIONS."Psychology of Lifespan Development: Introductory Material."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m33881/latest/ • Wiktionary."reciprocity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reciprocity • Wiktionary."morality."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morality • WIKIBOOKS."Applied History of Psychology/Moral Development."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Moral_Development • CONNEXIONS."Student development: Moral development: forming a sense of rights and responsibilities."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m37630/latest/ • Wiktionary."autonomy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomy • Wiktionary."psychosocial."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychosocial • WIKIBOOKS."Applied History of Psychology/Social Development."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Social_Development • CONNEXIONS."Student development: Social development: relationships, personal motives, and morality."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m37645/latest/ • Wikipedia."Transitivity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitivity • Wiktionary."assimilation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assimilation • Wiktionary."deductive reasoning."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deductive+reasoning • Wiktionary."object permanence."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/object+permanence Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Human Development • Conservation (Psychology)."Conservation (Psychology)."CC BY-SA 2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(psychology) • CONNEXIONS."Student development: Cognitive development: the theory of Jean Piaget."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m37641/latest/ • WIKIBOOKS."Applied History of Psychology/Cognitive Development."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Cognitive_Development • Wiktionary."attachment."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attachment • Wiktionary."separation anxiety."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/separation+anxiety • WIKIPEDIA."Attachment theory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_theory • WIKIBOOKS."Applied History of Psychology/Attachment."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Attachment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Boundless Lecture Slides

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Boundless Lecture Slides