The 1800s in Europe

1. Natalie Marshall & Amber Tilicky The 1800s in Europe

2. Napoleon

3. Napoleon • Domestic Reform • “Civil Code” • Restored the control of fathers over families • Divorce was now more difficult for women • He created a state-supported educational system that had rigorous standards; it was available to the masses • Practiced nepotism

4. Napoleon • Conquests and Defeats • By 1809, he controlled almost all of Italy • In 1803, Napoleon was preparing to invade Britain • He defeated Austria and Prussia • Abolished feudalism • Official end of the Holy Roman Empire • Napoleon attempted to tighten his control over Spain by putting his brother as the new ruler of Spain • Resulted in the Peninsular War • Napoleon’s army took Moscow, but they were forced to retreat 5 weeks later • Napoleon abdicated as emperor on April 4th, 1814

5. The Congress of Vienna

6. Congress of Vienna • The members of the Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet in Vienna in September 1814, to arrange a final peace settlement • To prevent expansion France was surrounded by a number of strong states • Poland was given independence but remained under Russian control • Prussia received 2/5s of Saxony, Westphalia, and the left bank of the Rhine • Austria got the Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia • It established a European order that would avoid a general European conflict for almost an entire century

7. The Concert of Europe

8. Concert of Europe • An alliance, also known as the Quadruple Alliance that was signed by England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria in November 1815 • The goal of it was to maintain the status quo that the Congress of Vienna had established. • Four congresses were held between 1818 and 1822 • During the 1st congress, the 4 great powers agreed to withdraw their army of occupation from France and allowed France to join the Concert of Europe • Created the Principle of Intervention

9. The “Isms”

10. Liberalism • An offshoot of the ideals of liberty and equality of the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the American Revolution • Believed in the basic rights of all people: equality before the law; freedom of assembly, speech, and press; and freedom from arbitrary arrest • Most liberals advocated separation of church and state • John Stuart Mill • On Liberty • Argued for “absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects”

11. Socialism • Early socialism was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution • Utopian socialists • Government control of property, economic equality for all, & government economic planning • Modern socialism • Founded on ideas of Karl Marx

12. Conservatism • Dates back to Edmund Burke • Society was a contract • No revolution • Obedience to political authority, organized religion, no revolution upheavals, no civil liberties, no representative governments, tradition

13. Nationalism • Community has common institutions, traditions, languages, etc… • Threatened to upset existing political order • Nationalism and liberalism were tied together • Conservatism sought to stop nationalism

14. Romanticism • Reaction to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason • Emphasized emotion, sentiment, and inner feelings • Individualism

15. Revolutions of 1848

16. France • Causes • Industrial and agricultural depression • Scandals and corruption in government • Opposition grew as Louis-Philippe’s government didn’t reform • Events • A political banquet led to barricades in Paris • On February 24th, Louis-Philippe abdicated his throne and fled to Britain • Class struggle between rich/poor and rural/urban resulted in a 4-day conflict • Second republic was formed in 1848; based on universal male suffrage

17. German States • Causes • Revolution in Paris • Wanted reforms • Liberals wanted a constitutional government and unification of the German states • Events • In Prussia, Fredrick William IV agreed to abolish censorship, create a new constitution, and work for a united Germany. • All German states sent elected representatives to the Frankfurt Assembly

18. Austria • Causes • Different ethnicities fueled by nationalism • Hungarians, Slavs, Czechs, Italians, Serbs, Croats, etc • Reactionary government • Influenced by French revolutions • Events • Government appeased revolutionaries • Demonstrations in Buda, Prague, and Vienna led to Metternich’s dismissal • Francis Joseph I became the new leader • Austrian revolts were crushed

19. Hungary • Causes • Ethnic oppression by Austrian Hapsburgs • Wanted “commonwealth” status: keep Hapsburg monarch, but have own legislature • Revolutionaries were led by Louis Kossuth • Events • Granted their own legislature, a separate national army, and control over foreign policy and budget • Austrian authorities wanted to reestablish their control

20. Italy • Causes • Nationalists and liberals wanted an end to foreign control • Events • Risorgimento “resurgence” • Citizens in Lombardy and Venetia rebelled against Austrian overlords • Pope Pius IX was forced to leave Rome

21. Revolutions of 1848 as a Whole • Ended serfdom in Austria and Germany • Universal male suffrage in France • Prussia and the German states gained parliaments • The revolutions ended the era of liberal revolutions that had begun with France in 1789 • Moving from Romanticism to Realism

22. Second French Republic to the Second French Empire

23. Republic • Louis Napoleon elected in 1848 • Opposed socialism; favored conservative classes • Needed to maintain support of conservatives • Wanted to become emperor

24. Empire • Liberal Empire • Economic reforms lead to a stable economy • Built up infrastructure • Moving toward free trade • *considered the first time a modern state played a direct role in the economy* • Legalized trade unions and gave them the right to strike • Gave more power to legislative assembly • Control of secondary education was taken away from the Catholic church • Emperor Napoleon III • Restored universal male suffrage • Authoritarian and direct rule • Foreign policy weakened him

25. Unification

26. Italy • Before • The Kingdom of Naples (Two Sicilies) • Papal States • Lombardy-Venetia • The Kingdom of Sardinia (Sardinia-Piedmont) • Cavour “Power Politics” • Wanted to wage war with Austria • After the Crimean war (on France’s side), Cavour got Napoleon III to ally with Piedmont in driving the Austrians out of Italy • War with Austria • Series of victories with the Sardinian-French forces • Giuseppe Garibaldi • Nationalist • Supported by Cavour to invade Sicily • His army brought the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to join Sardinia • March 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was created with Victor Emmanuel II as the ruler • After • By 1870 Venetia and the Papal states had been incorporated into the union • Rome became the new capital of the united Italian states

27. Germany • Before • Zollverin • German customs union • Created by Prussia • Junkers • The Frankfurt Assembly failed to unify Germany • Bismarck’s realpolitik • Bismarck • The War against Denmark 1864 • Austro-Prussian war (Seven Weeks’ war) 1866 • North German Confederation • Franco-Prussian war 1870 • Spanish throne was offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, relative of the king of Prussia • After • Four southern German states joined the North German Confederation after victory • The German Empire was established in January 1871

28. Marxism

29. Marxism • Communist Manifesto • 1848 (not well known at this time) • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Revolutionary socialism • History of class struggle • Dictatorship of the proletariat • Classless society

30. Age of Realism

31. Science and Culture • New Age of Science • Developments of the Industrial Revolution (steam engine) led to thermodynamics • Important Scientists: Louis Pasteur, Dmitri Mendeleyev, Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin • Theory of Organic Revolution • Revolution in Health Care • Microorganisms were discovered • Important figures: Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Elizabeth Blackwell • Science and the Study of Society • Auguste Comte “positive knowledge” • Realism in Literature and Art • Realistic Novel • Realism in Art

32. Society

33. Overview of Society • Urbanization • Britain saw most urban growth • Middle class experienced a decrease in the number of kids per family • Beginning a 19th century there were poor living conditions • Social Structure • Changes in social structure occurred because of the second industrial revolution and urbanization • “golden age of middle class” • Expansion of industry led to professionals and managers (specialized knowledge) • Diversity within the middle class • Women did most of the unskilled work • The Belle Époque • “good old days” • Standard of living increased in all industrialized countries • Leisure time

34. Impressionism

35. Impressionism • Avoided realistic depiction • Capture the transitory feeling of the scene (the personal “impression”) • Started in France • Artists: Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro

36. Post-Impressionism • More attention to structure and form • Use color and line to express inner feelings and produce a personal statement of reality • Shifted from objective reality to subjective reality • Beginning of modern art • Cubism • Artists: Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, Henri Matisse, Wassily Kandinsky, Pablo Picasso