Review: phonological analysis & Morphological Analysis

1. (Materials adapted from ANT 522 Intro. to Phonology by Lee Bickmore, UAlbany) Review:phonological analysis & Morphological Analysis

2. Main Topics • Phonological Analysis: Allophones • Solving data sets on allophones • Using distinctive features • Formulating phonological rules & Underlying Representations (UR). • Morphological Analysis • Morpho-phonemic analysis • Underlying Representations & morphological parsing.

3. Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Igbirra Analyze the sounds: [e] and [a] State the phonological rules.

4. Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Tamil Analyze the sounds: [ʊ] and [ɯ] State the phonological rules.

5. Foreign words and (English) glosses • Sometimes 1 English word = 1 Foreign word: Spanish perro = English dog Sometimes 1 E morpheme = 1 Foreign morpheme: Plural perro-s, dog-s • What is 2 morphemes in a single word in one lang = 2 separate words in another language. Spanish: Cant-o = English: I sing • Sometimes what is glossed with more than one morpheme (or word) in Eng. is simply one morpheme in the other language. Aztec: ni-chooka ‘I cry’, ti-chooka ‘you cry’, chooka ‘he/she cries’ Conclusion: 3 sg. marker is /ø/ (null morpheme). • Sometimes what is glossed with one morpheme in English is actually two morphemes in FL: Spanish blanc-a 'white‘ - English : ‘white (Fem)’ Turkish haz-at 'house‘ - English: ‘house (Nom.)’

6. Number of morphemes

7. Morphological Parsing: • In Rows & Columns • Sometimes data is given in rows and columns, where roots remain consistent across the row, and the affix remains consistent down the column. • Analysis: • For Affixes: Scan down each column. As a first guess, assume that the affix is the phonological material that stays the same. • For Roots: Scan across each row. As a first guess, assume that the root is the phonological material that stays the same. • In random list • Data is given in list form. • Analysis: • Compare the forms that have the same translation. • Identify the root: forms that stay the same. Then identify the affixes. • Once you know some morphemes, deduce the rest by process of elimination.

8. Exercise: Morphological Parsing Veracruz Morphemes: 1st person sing. (I) : _______ 2nd person sing. (you): _______ 3rd person sing. (he): ________ 1st person plural (we): _______ 2nd person plural (you all): _______ 3rd person plural (they): ________ Morphemes: Past tense: _____________ Present tense: _________

9. Morpho-phonemic analysis • Alternations: One morpheme will sometimes have two or more ‘allomorphs’. • When there are alternations: • Assume alternation in affix • Assume alternation in root • Assume no alternation • Alternations must be explained: • Choose one allomorph to be the underlying morpheme. This is usually done by choosing the allomorph which has the most varied or widest distribution. • Write a phonological rule or rules which derive the other allomorphs correctly. You must always make sure that your rule doesn’t ‘mess up’ other forms in the data.

10. Exercise: Morpho-phonemic Analysis Maltese

11. Morpho-phonemic analysis & URs • Proposing morphemes = proposing UR of morphemes. • Sometimes alternations in the root or in the affix forces us to carefully choose the UR of morphemes. • We may have to define the UR of the root morpheme by looking at how it appears in the ‘affixed’ column. • Then propose phonological rules to explain the alternation of the roots. • Main point: ‘Think outside of the box’

12. Example: Samoan (pg.86-87) • Morpheme for: • Perfective: ________ • enter: ____ • twist: ______ • jump: ______ • fall: _______ • Any phonological rule that is required.

13. Example: Russian (pg. 68-71) • Morpheme for: • genitive: ________ • eye: ____ • voice: ______ • threshold: ______ • vice: _______ • bread: ______ • pond: _______ Any phonological rule that is required.