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Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions. Advanced Environmental Science. Section 4.1. Evolution produces species diversity. Summary:. artificial selection natural selection adaptation in ecosystems speciation evolution still at work. Artificial Selection.

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Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

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  1. Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions Advanced Environmental Science

  2. Section 4.1 Evolution produces species diversity

  3. Summary: • artificial selection • natural selection • adaptation in ecosystems • speciation • evolution still at work

  4. Artificial Selection

  5. Artificial Selection

  6. Natural Selection adaptation: the acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment natural selection: the process of better-selected individuals passing their traits on to the next generations

  7. selection pressures: factors in the environment that favor successful reproduction of individuals possessing heritable traits and that reduce viability/fertility of individuals not possessing those traits (examples…)

  8. critical factor: the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand tolerance limits: minimum and maximum levels for each environmental factor

  9. Adaptation in Ecosystems habitat vs. niche

  10. competitive exclusion principle: no two species can occupy the same niche for long (the more successful will exclude the other) resource partitioning: allows several species to utilize the same resource and coexist (examples…)

  11. Speciation speciation: development of new species

  12. allopatric speciation: geographic barriers cause reproductive isolation sympatric speciation: biological or behavioral barriers cause reproductive isolation (once isolation occurs species diverge genetically)

  13. Evolution is still at work… • Galapagos island finches • pesticide resistant insects • drug-resistant pathogens

  14. Section 4.2 Species Interactions shape biological communities

  15. Competition intraspecific interspecific

  16. Predation • Predator-prey relationships exert selection pressures that favor evolutionary adaptation. • Predators become more efficient at searching and feeding, and prey become more effective at escape and avoidance.

  17. coevolution: species exert selective pressures on each other and gradually change as a result

  18. Predator Avoidance Batesian mimicry: species that are harmless resemble poisonous or distasteful ones Müllerian mimicry: two unpalatable or dangerous species look alike

  19. Batesian mimicry

  20. Symbiosis mutualism

  21. Symbiosis commensalism

  22. Symbiosis parasitism

  23. keystone species: a species that plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to its abundance

  24. Section 4.3 Community Properties affect species populations

  25. primary productivity: rate of biomass production abundance: total number of organisms in a community diversity: number of different species, niches, or genetic variation present in a community

  26. complexity: the number of species at each trophic level and the number of trophic levels in a community

  27. Stability and Resiliency in Ecosystems constancy: lack of fluctuations in composition or functions inertia: resistance to perturbations renewal: ability to repair damage after disturbance

  28. edge effects: changes encountered at the boundary between two ecosystems ecotone: a boundary between two types of biological community *interior area is significant*

  29. Section 4.4 Communities are dynamic and change over time

  30. Ecological Succession primary succession: succession that occurs in an area where no community existed before secondary succession: succession that occurs in an area where the existing community is disturbed

  31. pioneer species: the first species to colonize a new area

  32. climax community: the community that develops last and stays the longest • represents the maximum complexity and stability possible • depends on climate and soil

  33. disturbance: any force that disrupts the established patterns of species diversity and abundance, community structure or community properties disturbance-adapted species: species that depend on disturbances to succeed

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