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INF5210 Informasjon Infrastructures

INF5210 Informasjon Infrastructures. About the course Lectures 2 Mandatory deliveries 26.9 and 24.10 Articles to be presented Themes for group work The formation of groups Final exam (Essay) 14.11 – 5.12 Introduction to Information Infrastructure theories

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INF5210 Informasjon Infrastructures

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  1. INF5210 Informasjon Infrastructures • About the course • Lectures • 2 Mandatory deliveries • 26.9 and 24.10 • Articles to be presented • Themes for group work • The formation of groups • Final exam (Essay) 14.11 – 5.12 • Introduction to Information Infrastructure theories • Brief overview of II in Norwegian public sector

  2. Informasjon InfrastructuresAn introduction Issues : • Why infrastructures - some different perspectives • A brief overview of the course • What is an infrastructure - 1 • The economics of infrastructures • Infrastructures in Norwegian public sector # public infrastructures Background literature: • Hanseth, Ole: http://www.ifi.uio.no/~oleha/Publications/ib_ISR_3rd_resubm2.html Ciborra et al: From Control to drift, kap. 2, Issues : • Why infrastructures - some different perspectives • A brief overview of the course • What is an infrastructure - 1 • The economics of infrastructures • Infrastructures in Norwegian public sector # public infrastructures Background literature: • Hanseth, Ole: http://www.ifi.uio.no/~oleha/Publications/ib_ISR_3rd_resubm2.html Ciborra et al: From Control to drift, kap. 2,4 and 5

  3. Some questions • What do you understand by infrastructure • Give examples of (information ) infrastructure • Similarities between physical and electronic infrastructure • What is the difference between an infrastructure and an information system • Why do you think infrastructures are important ? • What specific challenges is tied to developing and maintaining an infrastructure? • What specific challenges is inherent in maintaining an infrastructure

  4. What is an infrastructure A general definition (Webster dictionarry) • A substructure or underlying foundation; esp., the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community, state, etc. depends as roads, schools, power plants, transportation and communication systems, etc."

  5. Why talk about II • Define /describe a set of ‘entities’ having common characteristics • Why are II different from IS • Explain the history/trajectories of existing II • Internet, OSI, SAP, • Understand how to develop and maintain new II • Help us understand the of these specific characteristics • Can (possible) predict about future II building: • Electronic Patient Record, UMTS, Public Key Infrastructure,..

  6. Different types of infrastructures • National and global II • Internet, the phon enetwork, GSM, UMTS (?) • Business (sector) networks • EDI, electronic pation records, flight ticket booking systems (Amanda,..) .. • Corporate infrastructure • Enterprise Resource Planning like, SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft,.. and other ERP packages http://www.cio.com/research/erp/edit/erpbasics.html

  7. Infrastructure – a misleading concept? • Legacy from the industrial society: • Emphasizes the physical and material underlying basis • Stable, heavy, difficult to modify/slow changes • Closed, limited in space (and time?) • The new information society • Global • Flexible, dynamic • Everything is changing, increasing speed • Open, unclear boundaries, • Ecologies of infrastructures • Changes implies learning – learning implies changes

  8. Information systems or infrastructures? Information systems – the traditional approach: • One main purpose (solve one specific task) • Limited (homogeneous) user group • Assumes (often) centralised control by one organisation or group • Standards are either neglected or taken as granted • Specific birth day and day of death • Installed base are neglected • Need not be always available (down time is acceptable or even desirable)

  9. Infrastructures • Serves large (umlimited ) communities of users and usages patterns • Has to conform to certain standards • Infrastructures are never build from scratch • No clear date of birth – cannot die (!) • Must be gradually • Implementations Surprises, side effects, unexpected outcomes of technology and organisation

  10. What characterises an infrastructure The US Government when building an National II: (based on McGarty among others) • Open and common • Shared (sharable) • Enabling • Standardized • Evolving • Socio-technical • Heterogeneous • Installed Base Hanseth ( 2002) emphasizes the ’italic’ characteristics!

  11. What characterises an infrastructure-2 Star and Ruhleder (1996): Steps to an ecology of knowledge) • Embeddedness • Transparency • Reach of scope • Learned as part of membership • Links with conventions of practice • Embodiments of standards • Built on an installed base • Becomes visible upon breakdown

  12. Installed base • Infrastructures are never designed from scratch(?) • Something always exist • We cannot bypass the history  Can only be modified and extended • The installed base includes: • Nodes in the network; equipment and software, vendors,.. • Protocols, standard and standard bodies, documentations, routines, • Operations and support, documentations, • Knowledge and experience, textbooks The installed base as a heterogeneous actor-network

  13. Installed base as an actor • Re-enforcing mechanisms • In order to work, it must be aligned with the existing • Larger installed base • More complements produced Further adoption • Greater credibility of standards • Reinforces values to users

  14. The structure of infrastructures Decomposing heterogeneous infrastructures

  15. Decomposing heterogeneous infrastructures • Ecologies of infrastructures

  16. Universialism and installed Base Is universal design possible and desirable • Examples: OSI-protocols (X.25, X.400), EDIFACT, SAP, electronic patient-journal • Top-down development, • Uniform and standardized network on all levels • The goal is the perfect solution including most facilities • ’Closed world • Centralized control • Monolithic organization

  17. An alternative strategy: The Internet model • The TCP/IP approach: • Need to connect different networks • Connectivity at meta-level • Best efforts approach • Balancing standards and flexibility • Openness, • Duplication, gateways • Minimal standards • Incompleteness, gradually improvement • What aspects are relevant • Technical • Humans • Internet has gained momentum and become an actor that influences society at all levels • Serves many different user communities,...

  18. The case of Internet- some basic characteristics • The idea of packet switching and datagrams (Kleinrock) • Distributed, digital and redundancy (Baran) • IMPs : how to avoid n*(n-1)/2 (Kahn) • Symmetric protocols (NCP, SMTP. FTP….) • Open Architecture Networking • TCP/IP and black boxes: routers/gateways (Cerf, Kahn) • Open network of independent network and No global control • Best offer service – transmit and retransmit • End-to-End responsibilities for error check, flow control • Domain Name System • Incorporation of TCP/IP in Unix BSD • WWW: URL, HTTP and HTML

  19. Basic ideas -2 • Its roots in academic tradition and basic research philosophy • The openness: free flow of ideas and innovations • Open access to all documents • RFC (Request for proposals) • The public funding of the development (and diffusion) • Academic and research network infrastructures like NSFnet, HEPnet, JANET, NordUNet,.. • The formation of open communities • Peer institutions as IAB, IETF, W3C • Open source movement • The gift economy

  20. Strategies • Flexibility • Flexible standards and technical solutions • Modularisation and encapsulation • E.g. The Internet IMPS and layered structure • Minimal solutions • E. g Internet versus OSI-protocols • Gateways • From N*(n-1) to M (= different protocols or subnets) • Transitions strategies

  21. Information Infrastructures in Norwegian public sector • II that are developend and maintained by the control of public agencies • State government agencies or local administrations • Their goal is to serve (all or part of) the citiziens • Examples • ODIN, ’Forvaltningsnett’, etc • - Helsenettet, Skolenett, Biblioteks/kulturnett,.. • - Kostra (Kommune-stat rapportering) …. • - More specialist infrastructures aas e.g. PKI (Publik Key Infrastruktur), Studentweb, SO,...

  22. Some Important links • ODIN: http://odin.dep.no/odin/norsk/index-b-n-a.html • Norge.no/Norway.no • Standardisering/NOSIP: http://www.statskonsult.no/prosjekt/standsekr/index.htm • Helsenett: • Det nasjonale helsenettet bygges opp gjennom regionale helsenett i de 5 helseregionene. ...http://www2.telemed.no/telemed_i_bruk/tjenester/helsenett.html • Utdanning.no http://www.utdanning.no/dep/portal/.cmd/ResetPage/_pagr/104/_pa.104/111?reset=true

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