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Understanding Heredity and Genetics: The Basics of Traits and Inheritance

This guide explores the essential concepts of heredity and genetics, detailing how traits are inherited from parents to offspring. It covers definitions and examples of key terms such as traits, genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, as well as the distinctions between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes. It also defines phenotypes and the role of chromosomes in passing on genetic information. This fundamental knowledge is vital for grasping how physical and behavioral characteristics are transmitted through generations.

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Understanding Heredity and Genetics: The Basics of Traits and Inheritance

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  1. Heredity & Genetics

  2. Heredity • The study of the passing on of traits from parents to kids. • Learn how and why physical and behavioral characteristics are passed on to from parents to offspring.

  3. Trait • A person’s behavioral and physical characteristics. • Example: brown hair, blue eyes, etc. • Can also be behavioral such as personality.

  4. Gene • A specific trait. • Example: hair color is a trait whereas a gene is the specific color such as brown. • Trait = Hair Color/ Gene = Brown, Blonde, Red • Trait = Height / Gene = Tall or Short • Trait = Personality / Gene = Outgoing, Quiet

  5. Offspring • A child in relation to its parents.

  6. Phenotype • A person’s physical characteristics. • Example: Tall or short, Blonde or brunette, etc. Gg =

  7. Genotype • An organisms genetic code represented by letters. • Example: AA, Aa or aa • Gg GG

  8. Allele • The different forms of a trait that a gene might have. • Example: GG or Gg

  9. Dominant • A trait that covers up another trait. • Example: An uppercase “A”.

  10. Recessive • A trait that gets covered up by an dominant trait. • Example: An lower case “a”.

  11. Homozygous • Having two identical alleles for a trait. • Example: AA or aa

  12. Heterozygous • Having two differentalleles for a trait. • Example: Aa

  13. Purebred • Both alleles are the same. The same genetic code is passed on by both parents. • Example: AA

  14. Hybrid • The two alleles for a trait are different. The genetic code that is passed on by each parent is different. • Example: Aa

  15. Chromosome • A threadlike strand that contains DNA and is found in the nucleus 0f each cell. Humans have 23 unique chromosomes. • Example:

  16. DNA • Found in the chromosomes and transmits genetic information. • Example:

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