Types of Reasoning

1. Types of Reasoning • Inductive reasoning—general claim supported by sufficient examples. • “Given years of examples, Democrats favor spending for social programs.” • Deductive reasoning—specific claim warranted by accepted premises. • “Since John King is a Democrat, we conclude he favors social spending.”

2. Tools for Analysis • Scanning. • Identify and mark statements. • Standardizing. • Render complete, definite statements. • Organize flow toward conclusion. • Diagramming. • Map the argument

3. Exercise A 3. BecauseA. it would save insurance companies a great deal of money, and thusB. bring down rates of everyone, C.AIDS testing should be required of everyone applying for life insurance policies. 5. A. Recent events in Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the United States indicate thatB.Europeans are more likely than Americans to provide moral leadership for the West as the world enters the 21st century.

4. Exercise B1 (standardized) 1. [Because]A. Americans are already switching for hard liquor to beer and wine.alsoB. They are switching from high-tar and high-nicotine cigarettes to low-war and low-nicotine cigarettes. 2. These examples show thatC. Americans are turning away from drug-containing products 3. ThusD. Legalizing drugs would not be likely to result in more users

5. Exercise B3 (standardized) 1. [Because]A. AIDS victims should be understood as people with disabilities.andB. discrimination against persons with disabilities is illegal. 2. ThusC. Discrimination against AIDS victims should be illegal.

6. Exercise B5 (standardized) 1. BecauseC. Testing would help identify drug abusers.and becauseD. identifying them is necessary to reducing health insurance costs.In additionE. testing all federal employees for drugs would provide a good model for private industry to follow. 2. AlthoughA. Civil libertarians express concern about the idea 3. [Thus[B. Mandatory tests should be required for all federal employees

7. A B A w/B C w/D E A C C B D Exercise B (diagramed) 1. 3. 5.