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Chapter 21 The Genetic Basis of Development

Chapter 21 The Genetic Basis of Development. Chapter 21 The Genetic Basis of Development. Embryonic development involves: Cell division Cell differentiation Morphogenesis. Chapter 21 The Genetic Basis of Development. Model organisms:. Chapter 21 The Genetic Basis of Development.

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Chapter 21 The Genetic Basis of Development

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  1. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development

  2. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Embryonic development involves: • Cell division • Cell differentiation • Morphogenesis

  3. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Model organisms:

  4. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Model organisms: fruit fly

  5. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Model organisms: nematode

  6. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Model organisms: zebra fish

  7. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Model organisms: common wall cress

  8. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Different kinds of cells have the same DNA

  9. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Different kinds of cells have the same DNA. Totipotent: able to divide to produce an entire new organism (most plant cells, some animal cells).

  10. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Different kinds of cells have the same DNA. Pluripotent: able to reproduce and differentiate in vitro and in vivo (stem cells).

  11. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Different kinds of cells make different proteins thru regulation of gene transcription

  12. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Different kinds of cells make different proteins thru regulation of gene transcription. Regulation is directed by maternal molecules in the cytoplasm and by signals from neighboring cells.

  13. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Pattern formation: development of spatial organization

  14. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Pattern formation: development of spatial organization. Continuous in plants, but for animals it takes place only in embryos and juveniles

  15. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Pattern formation: development of spatial organization. Continuous in plants, but for animals it takes place only in embryos and juveniles. Positional information along axes and in relation to neighbors.

  16. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Life Cycle of Drosophila

  17. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Life Cycle of Drosophila 1. For the first ten cell divisions, there is no cell growth and no cytokinesis. You end up with one big multinucleated cell.

  18. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Life Cycle of Drosophila 2. At the tenth division, nuclei migrate to the periphery of the embryo.

  19. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Life Cycle of Drosophila 3. At division 13, plasma membranes finally begin to partition the 6000 or so nuclei into separate cells. The body plan and segments are already determined.

  20. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Life Cycle of Drosophila 4. Visible segments form. They look very much alike.

  21. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Life Cycle of Drosophila 5. Some cells move to new positions. Organs form. The worm-like larva hatches. The larva eats, grows, and molts through three larval stages.

  22. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Life Cycle of Drosophila 6. The larva forms a pupa in an enclosed case.

  23. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Life Cycle of Drosophila 7. Metamorphosis occurs inside the pupa. When the adult hatches, each segment is anatomically distinct.

  24. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Egg polarity genes

  25. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Egg polarity genes are “maternal effect genes”

  26. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Egg polarity genes are “maternal effect genes.” They produce proteins called morphogens

  27. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Egg polarity genes are “maternal effect genes.” They produce proteins called morphogens. A morphogen gradient establishes the anterior-posterior axis.

  28. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Bicoid is a gene in the mother that produces a two-tailed offspring.

  29. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Segmentation genes act in a cascade, directing the formation of segments

  30. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Segmentation genes act in a cascade, directing the formation of segments. Their products are transcription factors for other genes.

  31. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Segmentation genes act in a cascade, directing the formation of segments. Their products are transcription factors for other genes.

  32. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Homeotic genes control the growth of specific organs.

  33. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction maternal effect egg polarity segmentation: • gap coarse subdivision • pair-rule further subdivision • segment polarity orientation of seg’s homeotic specific organs

  34. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction maternal effect egg polarity

  35. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction maternal effect egg polarity mutation

  36. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction gap coarse subdivision

  37. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction gap coarse subdivision mutation

  38. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction pair-rule further subdivision

  39. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction pair-rule further subdivision mutation

  40. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction segment polarity further subdivision

  41. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction segment polarity further subdivision mutation

  42. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction homeotic specific organs

  43. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development genefunction homeotic specific organs mutation

  44. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Homeobox (hox) genes have been highly conserved

  45. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Homeobox (hox) genes have been highly conserved.

  46. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Neighboring cells instruct other cells to form particular structures

  47. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development Neighboring cells instruct other cells to form particular structures. nematode gonad vulva

  48. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development gonad vulva

  49. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development gonad epidermis vulva outer vulva inner vulva

  50. Chapter 21The Genetic Basis of Development anchor cell precursor cells

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