2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system PP2

1. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system PP2

2. Discuss the process of breathing. External respiration Internal respiration Breathing Exhalation Inhalation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

3. InspirationIntercostal muscleslift ribs outward,sternum rises and the diaphragmcontracts and movesdownward this increases the volumeof the lungs and air rushes in.

4. Expiration • Exhalation is a passive process • All the contracted intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax • Ribs move down, diaphragm moves up

5. 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Breathing Calculate your respirations 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

6. Respiratory Movements • Normal adult = 14-20 Respirations per minute • Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. • Age-newborm= 40-60/min • Sleep= respiration  • Emotion can  or  rate

7. Coughing • Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract Hiccups • spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

8. Sneezing Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract Yawning Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

9. Control Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors. • Neural Factors • Respiratory center located in the Medulla Oblongata •  on CO2 or  O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center • Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm Chemical Factors Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in the brain) Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

10. Neural Control Medulla Oblongata – part of the brainstem which controls the rate and depth of respirations. Phrenic Nerves – a group of nerves which stimulates the diaphragm

11. Types of breathing • Apnea • Dyspnea • Eupnea • Hyperpnea • Orthopnea • Tachypnea • Hyperventilation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

12. Types of Breathing • Apnea – temporary stoppage of breathing • Dyspnea – difficult, labored, painful breathing • Eupnea – normal or easy breathing • Hyperpnea – an increase in depth/rate of breathing accompanied by abnormal exaggeration of respiratory movements. • Orthopnea – difficult or labored breathing when the body is in a horizontal position – usually corrected by standing or sitting.

13. Types of Breathing • Tachypnea – abnormally rapid and shallow rate of breathing • Hyperventilation – condition that can be caused by disease or stress. Causes body to lose carbon dioxide too quickly, sym: Dizziness and fainting TX: breath in paper bag to restore carbon dioxide blood levels.

14. Lung Capacity and volume Tidal volume – amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath – Normal amount: about 500 mL Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) – amount of air you can force a person to take in over and above tidal volume - Normal amount: about 2100-3000 mL Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) – amount of air you can force a person to exhale over and above the tidal volume. Normal amount: about 1000 mL Residual air – amount of air that can’t be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. Normal amount: about 1500mL

15. Lung capacity and volume • Vital lung capacity: total amount of air involved with tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Normal 4,500mL • Residual volume: amount of air that can’t be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. It allows for the continous exchange of gases between breaths. Normal 1,500mL • Functional residual capacity: sum of the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. Normal 2,500 mL 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

16. Lung capacity and volume • Total lung capacity includes: • Tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve • Expiratory reserve • Residual air * Normal amount is 6,000 mL 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

17. Respiratory Disorders

18. Asthma What is asthma? Who most likely has it? Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

19. Asthma • Inflammatory airway obstruction • Caused by allergen or psychological stress • 5% of Americans have asthma • Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest • RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.

20. Bronchitis What is bronchitis? Acute Chronic Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

21. Bronchitis • Inflammation of mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous • May be acute or chronic • Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound) • Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause.

22. Respiratory disorders • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder What is COPD and what is the leading cause? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

23. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease AKA: COPD Chronic lung conditions such as emphysema and brochitis

24. COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best preventative measure Respiratory disorders How long should you wash your hands? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

25. Common Cold • Contagious viral respiratory infection • Indirect causes- chilling fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep • Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition • Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

26. Emphysema What is emphysema? Who is most likely to have it? How is it treated? Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

27. Emphysema RX – Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2 Emphysema • Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually rupture • Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale-forced exhalation required • Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 • Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

28. Respiratory disorders • Influenza Discuss the symptoms of influenza. Is a flu shot beneficial? Why or why not? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

29. Influenza (Flu) • Viral infection causing inflammation of the mucous membrane • Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion • Complication-pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media, and pleurisy • Rx – treat the symptoms

30. Respiratory disorders • Pneumonia 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

31. Pneumonia • Infection of the lung • Caused by bacteria or virus • Alveoli fill with exudate • Symptoms- chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea • Rx- O2 and antibiotics

32. Respiratory disorders What can cause a pneumothorax? • Pneumothorax 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

33. Pneumothorax • A buildup of air within the pleural cavity on one side of the chest. • Excess air increases pressure on lumg, causing it to collapse

34. Sinusitis • Infection of the mucous membranes which lines the sinus cavities • Sym: Pain and Nasal discharge

35. Respiratory disorders What type of standard precautions should be followed? • Tuberculosis 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

36. Tuberculosis • Infectious lung disease • Tubercles (lesions) forms in the lungs • Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats • Diagnosis- TB skin test • If skin test positive-follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample • RX- Antibiotic

37. Tuberculosis • Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in the United States. TB

38. The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis Discuss the relevance to your health. What is the relevance to the body’s use of nutrients? Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system Did you know??? Vitamin D- prevents respiratory disease in newborns Folate- prevents respiratory infections Vitamin E- prevents common colds 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system