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Liquids and Solids

This concise guide explores the unique structure and physical properties of water, covering crucial concepts such as the polar bonds within water molecules, sp3 hybridization, and the formation of hydrogen bonds. It outlines the phase changes of water, highlighting its high melting and boiling points, specific heat capacity, and heat of vaporization. Detailed calculations illustrate how to determine heat energy changes during phase transitions, providing insights into the significant thermal properties of water and their implications in various applications.

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Liquids and Solids

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  1. Liquids and Solids Water

  2. Objectives • Describe the structure of a water molecule. • Explain the physical properties of water in terms of the intermolecular forces that exist between molecules. • Calculate the amount of heat energy absorbed or released when a quantity of water changes state.

  3. Structure of Water • Polar bonds • sp3 hybridization • 105o bond angle • Hydrogen bonding

  4. Structure of Water Solid Liquid

  5. Structure of Water

  6. Physical Properties of Water • Water has a high melting (0oC) and boiling point (100oC)

  7. Physical Properties of Water • Water has a high specific heat. • It can absorb or release large amounts of energy without its temperature changing significantly

  8. Physical Properties of Water • Water has a high heat of vaporization.

  9. Physical Properties of Water • Liquid water becomes less dense as it warms. • Ice is less dense than liquid water.

  10. Phase Changes Molar Heat of Fusion 6.01 KJ/mol Molar Heat of Vaporization 40.79 KJ/mol

  11. Heat Calculations • What quantity of heat is released when 506 g of liquid water freezes? 2. What mass of steam is required to release 4.97 x 105 KJ of heat energy on condensation?

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