1. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUESBYDR. ADNAN ABID Lecture # 43 Classification

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The presentation of this lecture has been taken from the followingsources • “Introduction to information retrieval” by PrabhakarRaghavan, Christopher D. Manning, and Hinrich Schütze • “Managing gigabytes” by Ian H. Witten, ‎Alistair Moffat, ‎Timothy C. Bell • “Modern information retrieval” by Baeza-Yates Ricardo, ‎ • “Web Information Retrieval” by Stefano Ceri, ‎Alessandro Bozzon, ‎Marco Brambilla

3. Outline • Rochio classification • K Nearest neighbors • Nearest-Neighbor Learning • kNN decision boundaries • Bias vs. variance

4. Rocchio classification

5. Classification Using Vector Spaces • In vector space classification, training set corresponds to a labeled set of points (equivalently, vectors) • Premise 1: Documents in the same class form a contiguous region of space • Premise 2: Documents from different classes don’t overlap (much) • Learning a classifier: build surfaces to delineate classes in the space

6. Documents in a Vector Space Government Science Arts

7. Test Document of what class? Government Science Arts

8. Test Document = Government Is this similarity hypothesis true in general? Government Science Arts Our focus: how to find good separators Decision Boundaries

9. RocchioAlgorithm • Relevance feedback methods can be adapted for text categorization • As noted before, relevance feedback can be viewed as 2-class classification • Relevant vs. non-relevant documents • Use standard tf-idf weighted vectors to represent text documents • For training documents in each category, compute a prototype vector by summing the vectors of the training documents in the category. • Prototype : centroid of members of class • Assign test documents to the category with the closest prototype vector based on cosine similarity

10. RocchioAlgorithm • There may be many more red vectors along y-axis, and they will drift the RED centroid towards y-axis. Now an awkward Red documents may be near the blue centroid.

11. Rocchio classification • Little used outside text classification • It has been used quite effectively for text classification • But in general worse than Naïve Bayes • Again, cheap to train and test documents

12. Rocchio classification • Rocchio forms a simple representative for each class: the centroid/prototype • Classification: nearest prototype/centroid • It does not guarantee that classifications are consistent with the given training data

13. K Nearest neighbors

14. k Nearest Neighbor Classification • kNN = k Nearest Neighbor • To classify a document d: • Define k-neighborhood as the k nearest neighbors of d • Pick the majority class label in the k-neighborhood

15. Example: k=6 (6NN) P(science| )? Government Science Arts

16. Nearest-Neighbor Learning • Learning: just store the labeled training examples D • Testing instance x (under 1NN): • Compute similarity between x and all examples in D. • Assign x the category of the most similar example in D. • Does not compute anything beyond storing the examples • Also called: • Case-based learning (remembering every single example of each class) • Memory-based learning (memorizing every instance of training set) • Lazy learning • Rationale of kNN: contiguity hypothesis (docs which are near to a given input doc will decide its class)

17. Nearest-Neighbor

18. k Nearest Neighbor • Using only the closest example (1NN) subject to errors due to: • A single atypical example. • Noise (i.e., an error) in the category label of a single training example. • More robust: find the k examples and return the majority category of these k • k is typically odd to avoid ties; 3 and 5 are most common • Assign weight (relevance) of neighbors to decide.

19. kNN decision boundaries Boundaries are in principle arbitrary surfaces – but usually polyhedra Government Science Arts kNN gives locally defined decision boundaries between classes – far away points do not influence each classification decision (unlike in Naïve Bayes, Rocchio, etc.)

20. 3 Nearest Neighbor vs. Rocchio • Nearest Neighbor tends to handle polymorphic categories better than Rocchio/NB.

21. kNN: Discussion • No feature selection necessary • No training necessary • Scales well with large number of classes • Don’t need to train n classifiers for n classes • May be expensive at test time • In most cases it’s more accurate than NB or Rocchio

22. Evaluating Categorization • Evaluation must be done on test data that are independent of the training data • Sometimes use cross-validation (averaging results over multiple training and test splits of the overall data) • Easy to get good performance on a test set that was available to the learner during training (e.g., just memorize the test set)

23. Bias vs. variance: Choosing the correct model capacity