SSUSH1

1. SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century

2. 17th Century East Coast

3. 1.a-Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery • After the failed colony of Roanoke, the English again attempted to establish a North American colony in 1607. • Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, founded as a colony of the Virginia Company- a joint stock venture whereby investors would receive a proportion of the profits • After a disastrous start, the Virginia colony found a viable commodity in tobacco- which made the colony profitable

4. Virginia Company Seal

5. First English Colony- Jamestown • In 1607 the English established their first successful colony at Jamestown, on the James River- The earliest colonists nearly starved to death. The colony’s existence was ensured by its first profitable commodity- tobacco.

6. Tobacco • A European market for tobacco was already established by the Spanish, prior to the founding of Jamestown. • John Rolfe is credited with developing varieties of tobacco that would grow well in Virginia and sell well in England • In 1614 Rolfe shipped 2600 pounds to England, Jamestown’s first profitable commodity. Soon tobacco was being widely grown throughout the region.

7. Native Americans • The earliest settlers at Jamestown depended on food traded with Native Americans in the region- the so-called Powhatan confederacy- named for its leader, Powhatan • Relations between the Virginians soured after a wave of immigration expanded the English settlements, encroaching on Native settlements. • In 1622 Native Americans attacked Jamestown, killing 350, and nearly wiping the colony out- In response, the Crown revoked the Virginia Company’s charter and established Virginia as a royal colony under its direct control.

8. Powhatan • A depiction of Powhatan- leader of a confederacy of Native settlements near the Jamestown colony.

9. House of Burgesses • To attract more settlers to Virginia, the Virginia Company introduced reforms in 1618 that included a provision for the colonists to elect its own law-makers. • The first elected, representative government in English North America included a governor, 6 “counsilors” and two “burgesses” (representatives) from each of the ten towns established by the Virginians. • The assembly was called the House of Burgesses

10. Bacon’s Rebellion • By the 1670s- a land crisis was developing among the Virginia colonists- Backcountry farmers were angered by the colony’s refusal to obtain more land from the Native Americans. • Nathaniel Bacon organized a group of these farmers, mostly new immigrants or former indentured servants, to take the land by force, attacking the Native Americans. • Bacon led a short-lived coup that overthrew the leadership of the Virginia colony, but died shortly afterward, and the colonial government was restored.

11. Nathaniel Bacon • In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion of backcountry farmers, who were upset about the lack of land available on the rapidly expanding Virginia frontier

12. Early Slavery in Virginia • The first group of twenty Africans were purchased from a Dutch slave trader in 1619. Notably, they were considered “Christian servants” not slaves as such. • Early on, Africans in Virginia would have toiled side-by-side with indentured servants, enslaved Indians, and “free” colonists- only later, as increased tobacco cultivation required ever more labor- did Virginians develop a strictly racial system of perpetual bondage for African slaves • Indentured servants were people who bought passage to the colonies in exchange for a number of years of service- after their service ended they were free to own land and start their own farms

13. Slavery and Tobacco • This depiction of a colonial tobacco plantation shows Virginia colonists overseeing slave labor- Notice the romantic depiction of the Native American’s gift of tobacco at top

14. 1.b- Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g. King Philip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem witch trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter • Unlike Virginia, New England’s colonies were established primarily for religious reasons • Conflict in England created a schism in the Anglican Church- One group to emerge called themselves the Puritans, because they wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church from any vestige of Catholicism- the Pilgrims, a separatist faction of the Puritans, established a colony at Plymouth in 1620 • The separatists wanted a complete separation from the Church of England. The Crown viewed this as a challenge to its authority and persecuted separatists, leading some to flee England to begin a new life in North America

15. Puritans- “City Upon a Hill” • John Winthrop- a wealthy Puritan organized a charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629, which was seen as a haven for Puritans wishing to leave England. By 1643, an estimated 20,000 colonists had arrived in New England. • Winthrop saw the colony as an example to England and the world, of pious, righteous living- saying that the colony “shall be like a City upon a Hill”

16. John Winthrop • Founder and early leader of the Puritan haven, Massachusetts Bay Colony- Winthrop called the colony “a City upon a Hill”

17. Native Americans in New England • As in Virginia, tenuously friendly relations with Native Americans early on gave way to war as the New England colonies expanded and encroached on Native-controlled lands • A key turning point in Native American history in New England was King Philips’ War (1675-1678), which broke Native power in the region • Metacom, (King Philip) was a leader of the Wampanoag, and led the uprising in response to the execution of three Wapanoags accused of murder by the English

18. New England Natives

20. Government in New England • Ordered, representative government was already a well established English tradition when New England was being colonized • The Pilgrims wrote “The Mayflower Compact”- an agreement to establish an ordered government in the colony- before they landed at Plymouth • The Puritans at Massachusetts Bay Colony were initially denied the representative government granted in their charter. In 1634 they established the “General Court,” which made laws for the colony

21. Town Meetings • As concepts of representative government and self-rule evolved in New England, most towns began to open law-making and elections to all landed men. • This participation of the citizenry in the decisions of government- as in the “town meetings” of New England- is considered an important step in the history of democratic governance, and established a tradition of self-rule that would be a major element of the American Revolution in the following century.

22. Church and State • In 17th Century New England the government and the church were closely intertwined- attending church was mandated by law- and violating rules of the church: blasphemy, adultery, drunkenness, etc. were illegal, with severe penalties • Heresy- an expression of beliefs challenging the church-was strictly forbidden. Heretics could be banished from the colony

23. Roger Williams • Roger Williams was a strict Separatist, who was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s, for speaking against Puritan doctrine. He founded the town of Providence and established a government with far less authority to regulate religious belief

24. Anne Hutchinson • Another Massachusetts colonist banished for her heretical religious beliefs, Anne Hutchinson and some of her followers headed south to found the town of Portsmouth, Rhode Island- Other banished colonists founded Newport and Warwick in Rhode Island- In 1644 these towns joined under a charter that provided for the complete separation of church and state

25. Half Way Covenant • By the 1660s, as the second and third generation of New England Puritans were coming of age, many church leaders were concerned that the colonies were losing their original religious fervor. In response they established a half-way covenant for the children of church members, who could later become full members of the church. • This is an early example of the tension between religious and secular interests that is a common thread throughout United States’ history

26. Salem Witch Trials • One of the most famous examples of the religious zeal of the Puritans was the Salem Witch Trials. • In the early 1690s- twenty women and girls were executed in Salem, Massachusetts on accusation of witchcraft. The accusers later admitted to making the stories up. • Many of the accusers were from less wealthy farming families, while most of the accused were part of the growing merchant class of the seaport town.

27. Salem Witch Trials- 1690s

28. Dominion of New England • In the 1660s the English Crown passed a series of laws that adversely effected colonists in North America- For example- The Navigation Acts- which required all goods to be carried on English ships; and the Staple Act (1663), which required imported goods to be taxed in England and shipped on English vessels- creating higher prices for colonists in America. • Massachusetts attempted to ignore the new laws and in 1684, King Charles II revoked the Massachusetts charter, making it a Royal colony under his direct control. • James II, who took the English Crown a year later went a step further, merging the New England colonies into one royal province called the Dominion of New England • The Glorious Revolution in England (1688) ended the dominion of New England and Massachusetts was issued a new charter.

29. 1.c- Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and the subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania • As the colonies in Virginia and New England prospered and expanded, the English established other colonies along the eastern seaboard. The “middle colonies,” (named for their geographic position between the established settlements at Virginia and New England) included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. These areas had ample cultivable land and populations there grew rapidly.

30. New Amsterdam • First established as an outpost for the Dutch fur trading operation in the Hudson River Valley

31. New Amsterdam/New York • England seized the Dutch colony in 1664, renaming it New York • New Jersey was established at the same time, offering colonists land grants, along with religious freedoms and the right to an elected legislative assembly

32. Pennsylvania • To settle a debt, King Charles II granted William Penn a large tract of land between New Jersey and Maryland. • Penn was a Quaker, a radical religious sect at odds with the King and other English denominations • Pennsylvania was established as a “holy experiment,” a haven for Quakers and others, where complete religious and political toleration would be practiced. • Penn practiced what he preached with regard to fairness with Native Americans- He bought land from Natives in a 1682 treaty and the colony coexisted alongside Native settlements for over 70 years • Availability of land attracted numerous settlers, and by 1700, Philadelphia rivaled New York and Boston as a center of Anglo- American commerce

33. 1.d- Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec • A growing European market for North American furs, especially beaver, which were used for hats, led the French to establish a colony in North America. • Quebec was founded in 1608 as the capital of New France • Because the fur trade did not require a lot of labor, the colony grew slowly- only 7000 by 1670. • In the 1670s French-led expeditions sailed down the Mississippi River to the gulf of Mexico- claiming the region for France and setting the stage for a showdown in the next century with the English, as their colonies spread westward.

34. SSUSH1 Summary • Several European nations established colonies in North America in the 17th century. • The first permanent English settlement was at Jamestown Virginia. The Virginia colony was founded as an economic venture, while New England was founded primarily for religious reasons. • Many important ideas that would shape future events in U.S. history- relations with Native Americans, religious toleration, and forms of self-government, were established or developed during the early colonial era. • Smaller colonies such as those established by the Dutch and Swedish were overtaken by the growing English presence in North America. • The French colony at Quebec, based on the fur trade, was initially small, but later expanded southward and set the stage for a rivalry with the English for control of North America.