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Advances and Challenges in RICH Detectors for Particle Identification at High-Energy Physics Experiments

This seminar highlights the evolution and challenges of Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors, crucial for particle identification in high-energy physics experiments. It covers the historical development of RICH technology, advances in research and development of new systems, and the advantages and limitations of RICH detectors. Key discussions include the performance metrics, optimization strategies, and the impact of misidentification rates. The seminar also reviews specific implementations in experiments like LHCb and ALICE, showcasing simulations and performance evaluations that underscore RICH's role in future advancements.

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Advances and Challenges in RICH Detectors for Particle Identification at High-Energy Physics Experiments

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  1. Highlights from RICH2007 PPD Seminar S.Easo, A.Papanestis, S.Ricciardi Contribution from S.Easo 28-11-2007

  2. Outline • RICH detectors in accelerator based experiments: • Review of Advantages and Limitations of RICH for PID • R&D for new RICH systems • Historical Overview: 1900 (Marie & Pierre Curie) 1934-44 P.Cherenkov + Frank + Tamm 1960 Arthur Roberts : First Proposal for RICH 1976 T. Ypsilantis + J. Seguinot : Pioneering the construction of the first RICH

  3. RICH design: Basics For momenta well above threshold p/K separation-limiting case Refractive Indices n=1.474 (Fused Silica) n=1.27 (C6F14 CRID) n=1.02 (Typical Silica Aerogel) n=1.001665 (C5F12/N2 CRID Mix) n=1.0000349 (He) s[qc(tot)] u l n ▲ 2 mrad 1 mrad 0.5 mrad 0.1 mrad • N s optimization is not the whole story: One needs to minimize the misID rate and maximize the Positive ID efficiency. • Sources of misID includes interactions, particle decays, physics effects in other parts of the detector etc. B.Ratcliff

  4. Detectors-Photon Detection and Radiator Thresholds • Aerogel: Rayleigh scattering  Low effective transmission at low wavelengths B.Ratcliff

  5. RICH Imaging-Limits to Performance • N pe : More Photons are better, but limited by the technology available. • Larger bandwidth rapid increase in chromatic error • C : Need excellent tracking detector and control of alignment systematics • Physics Limits: overall performance for the event limited by decays and interactions. • Single photon resolution: + • Examples of performances shown in the following slides. • Many choices available for tuning the performance. B.Ratcliff

  6. Types of RICH Detectors: Current/Near Future D.Websdale

  7. Discussion: Why RICH is not used in General Purpose Detectors at LHC, ILC: Large Momenta Low Refractive Index Gas Radiators of Length 1 to 2 meters. Increase the size and hence cost, of calorimeter & muon detectors, downstream of a RICH D.Websdale

  8. RICH covers the large Momentum range 1-100 GeV/c : using three radiators: Aerogel, C4F10 and CF4.

  9. LHCb-RICH • Pioneered the use of HPDs: 1024 pixels per tube bump bonded to readout chip and encapsulated in the vacuum tube. HPDs in RICH2 • RICH2 installed and ready for global commissioning. • RICH1: Major parts installed. Photodetectors ready to mount on RICH1.

  10. Example of LHCb-RICH PERFORMANCE • Performance as seen in Simulated Data in 2006 • Yield: Mean Number of hits per isolated • saturated track (Beta ~1). Single Photon Cherenkov Angle Resolutions in mrad. • Chromatic: From the variation in • refractive index. • Emission Point: Essentially from the • tilt of the mirrors. • Pixel Size: From the granularity of the • Silicon detector pixels in HPD • PSF ( Point Spread Function): • From the spread of the Photoelectron direction • as it travels inside the HPD

  11. LHCb RICH LHCb RICH PID Performance B0sDs-K+B0sDs- p+ (signal)(background) After using RICH, background at 10% level from 10 times level

  12. BABARDIRC: PERFORMANCE • DIRC measures J. Schwiening • DIRC Performs as per design: p/K separation in 0.54 GeV/c

  13. DIRC Upgrade: Focusing DIRC for Super B Factory • Prototype tests made with 6 X 6 mm Hamamatsu H8500 flat panel MAPMT (sTTS=140 ps), Burle 85011 MCP-PMT( sTTS = 50-70 ps), 3 X 12 mm Hamamatsu H9500 Flat panel PMT ( s TTS =220ps). J. Schwiening

  14. DIRC Upgrade: Expected Performance / Lpath=10 m Npe = 28 for 1.7 cm quartz / J. Schwiening

  15. BELLE Upgrade: Super B Factory P.Krizan • Beam Tests done with 2cm thick Aerogel tiles and H-8500 Flat panel MAPMT: • Details in NIMA 553 (2005) 58 • Single photon resolution: 15 mrad, Npe = 6. This yields a 4 s K/p separation • The photon detector does not work in Magnetic field

  16. BELLE Upgrade: Proximity Focusing RICH T.Iijima, P.Krizan • Other Photon detector options for 1.5 T field: • To increase the yield: increase the thickness of aerogel or use aerogel tiles as multiple radiators. sc=22.1mradNpe=10.7 Conventional 4cm thick aerogel n=1.047 sc=14.4mradNpe=9.6 Multiple Radiators 2 layers of 2cm thick n1=1.047, n2=1.057 p/K separation with focusing configuration ~ 4.8s @4GeV/c

  17. BELLE Upgrade: Super B factory H.Haba, S.Korpar • Tests done with aerogel radiator producing Cherenkov photons from a cosmic ray setup and Hamamatsu SiPM

  18. RICH with Gas based photodetectors • CLEO-c Experiment : Charm Physics at CESR : p /K separation up to 3 GeV/c . LiF radiator with 20 m 2 of CH4+TEA in MWPC. • ALICE experiment: • Physics of Strongly interacting matter, QGP • in nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC. • p /K separation in 1 5 GeV/c • 11 m2 of CSI photocathode • gain < 10 5 • Ready to take data • At high event rates the gain is limited by the photon and ion feed back problems. L.Molnar

  19. ALICE Upgrade: Simulation • New version of gas based detectors are being developed: GEM detectors : 0.31.6 ns readout time. • ALICE: • Simulation: Mirror ROC 240 cm, Photons focusing on a plane at ROC/2. p K p G.Volpe Result of ALICE upgrade simulation

  20. R.Chechik Gas based Detectors GEM • PHENIX: Identify electron pairs coming from relativistic heavy ion • collisions at sqrt(s)= 200 GeV for Au-Au. • Background from charged hadrons, electron-positron pairs from • g conversions and p 0 Dalitz decays in the invariant mass • range < 1GeV/c2 • HBD features: No windows: Photons create blobs of hits in the GEM • Hadron Blind: Hadrons produce only ionization signal which • are then suppressed.

  21. Summary • The field of RICH detectors is still evolving. Several new detectors are ready to • take data or are planned to be constructed. • New types of photodetectors: Flat Panel PMTS, Silicon photomultipliers and GEMs • have the potential to improve the performance of the next generation of RICH detectors. • Novel Detector configurations like Focusing DIRC, Focusing Aerogel tiles • can also enhance the performance of the RICH systems.

  22. EXTRA SLIDES

  23. COMPASS UPGRADE F.Tessarotto • Spin structure of the nucleon, gluon polarization • Open charm produciton leading to D mesons. D0  K - p + • At high rates, lot of background hits seen • in the very forward region in MWPC. • Expected increase in trigger rate 20100 kHz • Replace the central region with MAPMT

  24. COMPASS Upgrade F.Tessarotto

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