Exam # 1 Friday, 24 February Individual Classrooms

1. Exam # 1Friday, 24 FebruaryIndividual Classrooms

2. Early Ideas About Matter

3. Motion - Matter • Gravity • universal property of all matter • strength of attraction is function of mass, regardless of material • Fundamental property to distinguish different types of matter -- ? --

4. Structure & nature of matter changes when: • Wood burned • Foods cooked • Clays fired to make bricks and pottery • Metals smelted

5. What types of Matter were ancient people aware of?

6. Gold Silver Copper “Seven Metals of the Ancients” Iron Mercury Lead Tin

7. Metal (shiny, malleable) • Gold • Silver • Copper • Iron • Mercury • Lead • Tin

8. Metal (shiny, malleable) • Gold • Silver • Copper • Iron • Mercury • Lead • Tin

9. Metal (shiny, malleable) • Gold • Silver • Copper • Iron • Mercury • Lead • Tin

10. Metal (shiny, malleable) • Gold • Silver • Copper • Iron • Mercury • Lead • Tin

11. Where do metals come from? • A few metals occur naturally in metallic form - Gold and silver deposits were found in ancient times

12. Where do metals come from? • Most metals occur in ores • Ores are more like earths (dull, brittle) than like metals Iron ore Lead ore

13. Smelting metals from their ores • Ores must be processed to yield pure metals • Only a small percentage of metal yielded • copper ore and modern man’s inept attempt at smelting

14. Alloys • Combination of metals • Better properties • Lower melting point • Stronger, less brittle • Example: Bronze • Alloy of copper and tin

15. Stone Age ~ stone tool manufacture, no use of metals

16. Copper Age (4500 BC) ~ first metal smelted

17. Bronze Age (3500 BC) ~ tin/copper alloy ~ copper & tin deposits only in certain areas ~ strong easily worked

18. Iron Age (1500 BC on) ~ found all over ~ can be sharpened; hard and tough ~ difficult to work ~ required hot furnace & special techniques

19. Iron Furnace

20. Earths (not shiny, brittle • Clay • Mud • Sand • Silt • Loam • Ash

21. Pottery • Fired clay • from 6500 BC? • Certain clays used • at certain temperature • for certain times • Patterned, pigmented

22. Glass • Melted sand • Certain sands used • High temperatures • Blown, molded • Earths, metals added  color, strength Ancient Roman glass jug

23. Stone (hard, brittle) • Limestone • Marble • Sandstone • Shale • Granite • Soapstone

24. Woods • Oak • Maple • Cedar • Mahogany • Ebony • Yew

25. Ivory, bone, and horn

26. Fibers • Grass • Cotton • Flax • Straw • Bulrushes • Hair

27. Papyrus

28. Other crafts practiced since early times • Pigments • Dyes • Perfumes • Fermenting drinks • Tanning • Cooking

29. Early Chemical Technology • Ancient peoples distinguished many different materials • Engineers and artisans had developed many material technologies • These technologies were applied to specific materials for specific purposes

30. Unification • Huge diversity • Fundamental principles exist? • Which properties important? • Categorization

31. What do we know now?

32. One Classification of Matter: Phases • Bottle A: GAS • Bottle B: LIQUID • Bottle C: SOLID

33. Another Classification Scheme for Matter

34. Everything is Made of Atoms

35. Atoms Combine to Form Molecules • Most materials are made of more than one type of atom • Chemical formula gives atomic makeup • Water is H2O • Ammonia is NH3 • Glucose is C6H12O6

36. Each Element Has a Different Number of Protons

37. What Determines Chemical Properties of Each Element? • Usually, # of protons = # of electrons • Electrons tend to fill shells surrounding nucleus • Outer shell stability

38. Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms • Number of atoms does not change • Reactants have same atoms as products • Only arrangement of atoms change • Different molecules after reaction • Methane + oxygen gas  carbon dioxide + water • CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O • One carbon, two oxygen, four hydrogen (before & after)

39. What is the true nature of a substance? • Does one basic material exist?

40. Thales(640 – 546 B.C.) • Basic element is water • In greatest quantities • Found as solid, liquid, and gas

41. Nature of matter: One basic substance Anaximander All matter from one “boundless something” that contained all qualities (wet/dry; hot/cold)

42. Nature of matter: One basic substance • Anaximenes • (570 BC) • - Airis the one basic substance • - All space above Earth is air. • Compress air to form denser • water and earth

43. Hericlitus (540 – 475 B.C.) • If change characterized the Earth . . . • Basic element must be changeable • That element must be fire

44. Empedocles (490 – 430 BC)

45. Each different kind of matter is a combination of two or more elements in particular proportions, for example … Wood reveals its composition when it burns: • fire issues from it • water oozes from it/hisses • air (smoke) is produced from it • earth (ashes) remain behind

46. Four Elements / Four Qualities of the Ancient Greeks • Elements had four qualities: Dry vs. Moist & Hot vs. Cold • Qualities combined in various pairs to form the different elemental components of the Earth

47. Individual Elements Statue Matter • 4 elements Matter • marble Form • specific combination of elements Form • shape

48. Individual Elements Form •qualities Ultimate Matter •prima materia

49. One element to another element • Change qualities = change 1 element into another element Elements themselves were interchangeable: Water  air when it evaporates (wet-cold  wet-hot) Air  water when it rains (wet-hot  wet-cold)

50. Four elements and alchemy • Aristotle’s four element theory was to exert a considerable influence on the practice of alchemy and the idea of transmutation