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A.P. Psychology: Sensation & Perception

A.P. Psychology: Sensation & Perception. Modules 11, 15 & 16. Sensation – What is it?. Sensation. Bottom-Up Processing analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information Top-Down Processing

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A.P. Psychology: Sensation & Perception

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  1. A.P. Psychology: Sensation & Perception Modules 11, 15 & 16

  2. Sensation – What is it?

  3. Sensation • Bottom-Up Processing • analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information • Top-Down Processing • information processing guided by higher-level mental processes • as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

  4. Sensation: Basic Principles • Psychophysics • study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them • Light- brightness • Sound- volume • Pressure- weight • Taste- sweetness

  5. Sensation: Thresholds • Absolute Threshold • minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time • Difference Threshold • minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time • just noticeable difference (JND) • Signal Detection Theory • predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) • assumes that there is no single absolute threshold • Subliminal • Below absolute threshold for conscious awareness

  6. Sensation: Thresholds • Weber’s Law • to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) • light intensity- 8% • weight- 2% • tone frequency- 0.3%

  7. Sensation: Thresholds • Sensory Adaptation • diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation • Selective Attention • focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus Awareness test

  8. Perception – What is it? • Selective Attention • Cocktail Party Effect

  9. Change Blindness

  10. Perceptual Illusions

  11. Perceptual Illusions

  12. Perceptual Illusions

  13. Perceptual Organization • Visual Capture • tendency for vision to dominate the other senses • Gestalt • an organized whole • tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

  14. Perceptual Organization • Figure and Ground • organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

  15. Perceptual Organization • Grouping • the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups • Grouping Principles • proximity--group nearby figures together • similarity--group figures that are similar • continuity--perceive continuous patterns • closure--fill in gaps • connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

  16. Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles

  17. Perceptual Organization: Closure • esttgroupngprinciples are at work here.

  18. Perceptual Organization: Gestalt Principles

  19. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception • Depth Perception • ability to see objects in three dimensions • allows us to judge distance • Binocular cues • retinal disparity • images from the two eyes differ • closer the object, the larger the disparity • convergence • neuromuscular cue • two eyes move inward for near objects

  20. Depth Perception Visual Cliff

  21. Depth Perception • Monocular Cues • relative size • smaller image is more distant • interposition • closer object blocks distant object • relative clarity • hazy object seen as more distant • texture • coarse --> close • fine --> distant

  22. Depth Perception Interposition

  23. Depth Perception • Monocular Cues (cont.) • relative height • higher objects seen as more distant • relative motion • closer objects seem to move faster • linear perspective • parallel lines converge with distance • relative brightness • closer objects appear brighter

  24. Depth Perception Perspective Techniques

  25. Depth Perception Illusory Depth

  26. Perceptual Constancy • Perceptual Constancy • perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change • color • shape • size

  27. Sensory Restriction: Blakemore & Cooper, 1970 • Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars

  28. Perceptual Interpretation • Perceptual Adaptation • (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field • prism glasses • Perceptual Set • a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

  29. Perceptual Set: Schemas • What you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set

  30. Perception & the Human Factor • Human Factors Psychology • explores how people and machines interact • explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

  31. Is there Extrasensory Perception? • Extrasensory Perception • controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input • telepathy • clairvoyance • precognition • Parapsychology • the study of paranormal phenomena • ESP • psychokinesis

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