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Lecture 27: African Response towards the Post-911 World Order – The Opportunity Cost

Lecture 27: African Response towards the Post-911 World Order – The Opportunity Cost. 23 rd April 2003 (Wednesday). Structure of Lecture 27: . Focus: Instead of African Reactions towards 911 Alone Assessing the Relevancy of 911 to Africa as well

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Lecture 27: African Response towards the Post-911 World Order – The Opportunity Cost

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  1. Lecture 27: African Response towards the Post-911 World Order –The Opportunity Cost 23rd April 2003 (Wednesday)

  2. Structure of Lecture 27: • Focus: • Instead of African Reactions towards 911 Alone • Assessing the Relevancy of 911 to Africa as well • Introduction of Africa as a “World Player” • 911: Dilemma of the “Arabic African” States • 911: “Opportunity” of the “Black African” States • The Opportunity Costs • Conclusion: • Dislocation between African Leaders and People…

  3. PART IIntroduction of Africa as a “World Player”

  4. A Short History of Africa • Recent Archaeological Discovery: • Africa as the Origin of Lives • Glorious Empires in Africa: • Ancient Egyptian Civilization • Carthaginians, the Roman Enemy, and the Punic Wars (3rd Century BC) • Mansa Musa (1312-1337) of Mali and his Pilgrimage to Mecca (1312-1337)

  5. Western Imperialism (1800-1960) • Slave Trade and Resources • Berlin Conference (1884) and the “Scramble for Africa” (1884-1914) • Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Portugal… • Only Independent States: Liberia + Ethiopia

  6. African Independence • WWII as the Trigger Action • 1954: Independence of Gold Coast (Ghana) as the First Independent Black Country • 1960: The Year of African Independence • 1989: Independence of Namibia as the Last Former Colony

  7. North-South Division of Africa • Equator as the Line • Northern Africa: • Arabic-oriented • Islamic • More Cosmopolitan (Part of the European “Mainland” before Independence) • Southern Africa: • Black-oriented • Christian + Islamic + Primitive Religions • Less Cosmopolitan

  8. Africa and the Great Powers • Revision: the Concept of “Proxy Wars” • Factionalism of African Countries • Congo Civil War (1960-1963): • Belgians, Americans, Soviets, Chinese, and Che Guevera… • Angolan Civil War (1975-1990): • Americans, Soviets, Chinese, Cuba, South Africans…

  9. Image of Africa (I) • Famine • Africa as the Fertile Land in History/ Bible • The “Great” Ethiopian Famine, 1980s • “We Are the World” • The Somali Famine, 1990s • “Dark Africa” • “Cannibal Emperor” Bokassa I of Central African Republic • Idi Amin, the “Madman” of Uganda, and the Origin of AIDS • Colonel Gaddaffi, the “Madman” of Libya

  10. Image of Africa (II) • Voodoo • The Last Resort of Cancer Patients • Football • Nigeria, Cameroon and Senegal in World Cup • The Politics of Sports • Correlation between the Four • The Backward, the Forward, and the Medium • Senegalese Soccer Team in World Cup 2002/ Diouf as a Case

  11. PART II911: Dilemma of the “Arabic African” Countries

  12. Bush on Post-911 Africa • Africa as the “Warming Bed of Terrorism” • The “Next Front of Anti-Terrorism” • The Best Haven to Al-Qaeda • Allies in the “Evil” and “Failed” States • Encouraged Local African Countries to Fight Against their Own “Terrorisms” • How to “Target” against “Terrorism” if there are None?...

  13. North Africa and Pro-American Policy • North African Campaign in WWII and the Traditional American Friendship • Pros: • Gaining the American Support • Modernization Concern • Setting of the World Diplomacy • Suppress Local Dissidents – the “Terrorists” • Cons: • Antagonizing the Anti-American Islamic Public • Setting of the Regional Diplomacy

  14. Friends of USA • Egypt: • 1979: The Egyptian-Israeli Reconciliation • Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Jihad) (Jamiat al-Ikhwan Muslimum) and Assassination of President Sadat • Attempts of Assassination Vs President Mubarak • Morocco: • The Controversial Moroccan Army against Iraq 1990 • King Mohammad VI as the Last Arabic African King?

  15. North Africa and Anti-American Policy • Pros: • Support from Local Islamic Population • Distinctive Regional Leader • Cons: • Become “Marginally Evil States” as regarded by George W Bush • Losing American Backup and the Implications to Modernization

  16. “Evil States” in North Africa: (I) Sudan • North-South Division of Sudan • The Anarchist Situation Today • Terrorist Attack against US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania (1998) • President Clinton’s Revenge by Bombing a Pharmaceutical Plant in Sudan • Bush Doctrine II: Sudan as a “Failed State”

  17. (II) Somalia • Horn of Africa: • Islamic (Somalia) Vs Christian (Ethiopia) • Warlordism since 1991 • Warlord Hussein Aidid as the Last Demonized African Target of USA (died 1996) • Somalian Civil War and the American Intervention (1993) • Islamic Union of Somalia (Al-Ittihad al-Islamiya, AIAI) as Laden’s Ally • Bush Doctrine II: Somalia as a “Failed State”

  18. (III) Libya • The Richest Country in Africa • Oil Fields in Libya and Modernization • GNP Per Capita (1998): $US 6,700 • GNP Per Capita of China (1978-2001): $US 5303,000 • Colonel Gaddafi • Green Cultural Revolution since 1970s • Advocated the Pan-Islamic Union against USA • Attempted to Unite with Egypt, Syria, Tunisia, Central African Republic… • The “Madman”?

  19. … Libyan Terrorism? • General Gaddafi as the Most Senior “Terrorist” in the American Concept • “Sponsor of International Terrorism” • “Traditional” Terrorist Network (inc. IRA, Islamic groups…) • Pan American Air Flight Bombing (1988) • Sympathy towards 911 –“even I am sympathetic” • From Radicalism towards Conservatism?

  20. (IV) Algeria • Algerian War of Independence (1954-62): • The Vietnam of France • Islamic Salvation Front: • Islamic Fundamentalist • Threat of Kidnapping Western Tourists • 1992 Algerian Parliamentary Election • Only Islamic Fundamentalists won Power through Democratic Means • The Algerian Official Reaction • The Western Reaction

  21. PART III 911: “Opportunity” of the “Black African” Countries

  22. Kenya • Pro-Western Policy • Since the Heroic President Jomo Kenyatta (1963-1978, Uncle Jo) • Pro-Israeli Policy • President Daniel Moi (1978-2002) • Military Exchange and Financial Aid • 911 and the Dream of American Aids • Kenya Terrorism at Mombasa (28th November 2002) as a Result… • Israeli-owned Paradise Hotel Bombing (15 deaths) • Firing Missiles Attempt against Israeli Commercial Airplane (261 people on board –just missed it)

  23. Senegal • The “Curious” Strong Stance of President Abdoulane Wane • African Pact against Terrorism: why hosted by Senegal at Dakar? • Casamance Separatism • The “World Cup Summit” between Bush and Wane (June 2002)

  24. Eritrea & Ethiopia • Eritrea: the Youngest Nation of Africa • Italian Colony incorporated into Ethiopia • Independence from Ethiopia 1993 • Border War with Ethiopia – the “EE Problem” • Strategic Geographical Location of Eritrea: • Red Sea Coastal Line against Arabic Peninsula and Yemen • “Singapore of Africa” • The Golden Chance to Strengthen the American-Eritrean Relationship OR the America-Ethiopian Relationship? • Ethiopia and Eritrea as the Only African Countries in the “Coalition of the Willing”

  25. PART IV “Opportunity Cost”

  26. African Pact against Terrorism • Dakar Declaration (17th October 2001) ALGERIA, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, Cote D'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, LIBYA, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, SUDAN, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda • Voluntarism of the Black African States • Non-voluntarism of the Arabic African States

  27. “After Effect” of 911 in Africa • Economic Blow to Africa • Economic Impacts of 911 Worldwide • Western Negligence of Africa Again • Increase in Child Mortality Rates (10,000-20,000 Children Died as a Direct Result) • The “African Financial Crisis” that Should NOT Have Happened… • from Economic to Political Crises • The Only Gainer: • Tourism of South Africa

  28. “Multi-bosses Africa” to “Single-boss Africa”? • Organization of African Unity (OAU, 1963-2002) • The “United Nations” of Africa • Aim: Against Colonialism • Radical, Dictatorial… • Multiple Perspectives, with Strong Anti-imperialist and Anti-American Rhetoric in the Past • African Union (AU, 2002) • Aim: To “Promote African Unity” • Moderate, Democratic • More Pro-American Rhetoric • Cooperative with World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)

  29. Retreat of the African Support • Internal Shift of Power • E.g. Kenyan President Election (Dec 2002) – Fall of President Moi and New President Mwai Kibaki • Libya Elected by African Countries to Chair the United Nations Human Rights Commission (Jan 2003) • Senegal-South Africa-Nigeria Declaration against the Iraqi War • Aloof Participation in the Coalition of the Willing

  30. Assigned Readings • Main Text: • Ted Dagne. Africa and the War on Terrorism. Washington DC: US Congressional Research Office, 2002. (will be uploaded on class website) • Supplementary Text: • Tunde Zack-Williams: “September 11 and All That: An African Perspective”Beyond September 11: An Anthology of Dissent. Ed. Phil Scraton. London: Pluto Press, 2002. P.130-134.

  31. Conclusion –Dislocation between African Leaders & African People…

  32. What are the Real Terrorisms of Africa? • Civil War! • Rwanda: Hutu-Tutsi Civil War (1994) • Genocide of the Tutsis (800,000 died, 2,000,000 exiled) • Famine! • Ethiopia, Somalia, Congo… • AIDS • South Africa as the Most Densely Populated AIDS Country in the World?

  33. Nature of Islamic-Christian Rival in Africa? • Islamic Fundamentalists Threaten the Peace of Africa? • Islamic-Christian Rival in Africa? • NOT a “Clash of Civilizations” • Original African Religion: Tribalism, Fetishism, Hoodoo… • Islam into Africa: • From North to South, as an “Outside” Arabic Religion • Christianity into Africa: • Ethiopia: Legend of King John and Queen Sheba • From West to East, as an “Outside” Western Religion • Islam and Christianity = Modern Fetishism, Lived in a Relatively Peaceful Manner

  34. Possible Logic of the African Refugees… • How many African people die per day? • What is the living cost of the Africans? • How many American people died in 911? • What is the living cost of the Americans? • Can the Americans give us some money from their extravagant lives to save our lives? • Why bother with 911? What is Terrorism?

  35. The Poem of Qabbani We are a thick-skinned people With empty souls. We spend our days practicing witchcraft, Plying chess and sleeping. Are we the “Nation by which God blessed mankind”? -- from Tariq Ali, the Clash of Fundamentalisms, P.119

  36. ~~The End~~ Thank you for attending

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