Solutions to Overpopulation & Population Policies

1. Solutions to Overpopulation & Population Policies

2. Possible Solutions to Overpopulation • Page 199 • Possible solutions • Barriers to these solutions

3. Population Policies http://www.monochrom.at/english/2008/04/demographic-winter.htm What types of population policies exist ?

4. Pro-natalist or Expansive (Promote more births)

5. Anti-natalist or Restrictive (Promote fewer births) http://www.greenprophet.com/countries/afghanistan/

6. Maintenance or Stability 2 babies .1 + http://www.yooj.co.uk/test_page_1.html http://www.visualphotos.com/image/2x4628085/russian_babys_feet_sticking_out_from_blanket

8. Does where a country fits within the DT influence the type of population policy they implement ? RNI x 10 is plotted pro-natalist anti-natalist (horizontal position is what is important)

9. Expansive Population Policies • Not as common today as they were twenty years ago • Reasons: • Replaces those lost in war and civil unrest • Build up the military • Replace retiring folks in the workforce • Support the increasing number of seniors • Lead to economic growth Examples: Japan Singapore Quebec (until recently) Newfoundland

10. U.S.S.R. 1944 – 1992 awarded medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate. Why ?

11. Motherhood Medals 2nd Class 1st Class 5 children 8,000,000 awarded 6 children 4,000,000 awarded

12. Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class 2nd Class 1st Class 7 children - 2,000,000 awarded 8 children - 1,000,000 awarded 9 children - 500,000 awarded

13. Order Mother Heroine 10 children 200,000 awarded

14. Russia Recent incentives 2006 - 2012 • 2nd & subsequent babies - ~ $10,000 (pd. at age 3) • - ~ $60.00 / month • if more than 3 children - ~ $250 / month • more available daycare • adjustable work schedules for women • smart immigration policy – encourage expats to return home (cash, social benefits, jobs) • --encourage talented young foreigners to immigrate • established a special system of pension for housewives as a separate class • financial support for single mothers • July 8 – new national holiday – Day of Family, Love, and Fidelity • Medals given out for long married couples with children (25 years+)

15. Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia - Family Contact Day (Conception Day) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20268426/ns/world_news-europe/t/russians-offered-day-prizes-procreate/ Grand Prize winners of “Give Birth to a Patriot on Russia’s Independence Day” Contest

16. Conception Day started Sept. 12, 2005 http://www.russianlessons.net/russia/ulyanovsk/ • possible day off work to allow for conception / contests / displays • if birth June 12 - win a prize • TVs, washing machines, SUV • Grand Prize to the parents judged to be the fittest

17. Australia Baby bonus - ~2004 “have one for your husband, one for your wife, and one for the country” $5000 /child

18. Quebec, Canada 1950s – very high total fertility rate Why ? 1980s – one of the lowest in Canada Why ? Quebec government wanted to increase the TFR Why ?

19. Quebec • 1987 – 1992 • $ 500 for each of 1st 2 children • $3000 for each subsequent child • child care facilities improved & expanded • tax free family allowance if 2 or more children • interest free housing loans (up to $7000) • 1992 – 1997 • $ 500 for 1st child • $1000 for 2nd • $6000 for each subsequent child • other benefits remain the same 1997 program cancelled

20. Quebec 2003 election Parti Quebecois’ platform involved population expansion Bernard Landry • couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will • get 1/2 their student loan paid off

21. Newfoundland View two articles

22. Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada out-migration*Why ? declining fertility http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newfoundland_and_Labrador,_Canada.svg

23. http://www.reocities.com/ftmcmurray2003/ http://jewishwings.com/trips/newfoundland/ http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photography-newfoundland-fishing-boats-image10517522 http://www.oilsandsdevelopers.ca/index.php/oil-sands-technologies/mining/

24. Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada • $1000 per birth or adopted baby • improved maternity/paternity program • improved daycare http://www.whiterockdaycare.ca/photogallery_chrismas.htm

25. Restrictive Population Policies • Reasons: • Cannot afford to provide for them • Overpopulation concerns (limited available resources) • Local, national, & international scale • Allow more women in the workforce and boost economy • First one: India (1950) • Policies (Family planning advice, low-cost birth control devices, and encouragement) • Philippines, Mexico, Bangladesh (LLDCs) • More Aggressive Policies (forced abortions and sterilization) • China, India, Indonesia

26. China - One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed • Rewards • free medical care • free daycare and schooling • guaranteed job for child • bonuses for parents • extra maternity leave • better housing • bigger old age pension • Penalties • must repay financial benefits • educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn • parents’ wages reduced

27. *How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

28. Massive Infrastructure of Population Control Workers • - Every community, population-control committee members carefully monitor their neighbours • - In every workplace, assigned employees regularly check-up on female co-workers • - If an additional pregnancy is discovered – immediately report infraction and begin counseling to convince the couple that an abortion is required. • - Quotas in workplaces (all workers will lose their bonuses – peer pressure)

29. Peer pressure

30. Education Program http://www.nisjapan.minidns.net/nis/galleries/5thgradestudentwork/5thGradeChinaProject/07CN.html

31. Advertising http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

32. Human Rights infringements • Cases. • - Women being forced to terminate a 3rd pregnancy and in some regions a 2nd • - If 2nd child is born, the state forces either the mother of father to be sterilized • Rules that have emerged.

33. Preference for sons • Example: farming families wanting a son to help on the farm • Consequently: • ** Some couples have an extra child despite the penalties • ** Some abort female fetuses • ** Others kill their female babies • Estimated that 300 000 more boys than girls are born in China each year. • Government Response to this problem • Some rural areas: Couples who have female babies, may be allowed to try for a son four years after the first child is born. • Cash bonuses for abiding by the policy are slightly higher for families with girls • Old-age pension increased for couples complying with the policy • Jobs and possessions can now be handed down to daughters

34. India • - Wait until the • 1st child is 3 • before having • your 2nd • -mandatory sterilization for anyone with 3 children or more large country, huge population, federation system with many different cultural and political variations throughout the country – difficult for federal government to impose its will on the States www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html

35. Are there demographic problems here ? What type of population policies might be appropriate ?

36. Are there demographic problems here ? Annapolis Royal, N.S. Fort McMurray, Alb. What type of population policies might be appropriate ?