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LAURIER ERA 1896 - 1911

LAURIER ERA 1896 - 1911. ELECTION OF 1891 MACDONALD’S CONSERVATIVES & THE ‘NATIONAL POLICY’ PROTECTIVE TARIFFS SETTLING THE WEST TRANS-CONTINENTAL RAILROAD. JOHN A. MACDONALD. WILFRID LAURIER. LAURIER’S LIBERALS AND ‘UNRESTRICTED RECIPROCITY’ FREE TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES

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LAURIER ERA 1896 - 1911

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  1. LAURIER ERA 1896 - 1911 • ELECTION OF 1891 • MACDONALD’S CONSERVATIVES & THE ‘NATIONAL POLICY’ • PROTECTIVE TARIFFS • SETTLING THE WEST • TRANS-CONTINENTAL RAILROAD JOHN A. MACDONALD WILFRID LAURIER • LAURIER’S LIBERALS AND ‘UNRESTRICTED RECIPROCITY’ • FREE TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES • CONSERVATIVES WIN BUT THE COUNTRY SLIPS INTO ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

  2. 4 SHORT-TERM CONSERVATIVE PRIME MINISTERS FOLLOW MACDONALD’S DEATH • LIBERALS WIN THE ELECTION OF 1896 • NO RECIPROCITY • SOME LOOSENING OF TARIFFS • WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC BOOM • GOLD DISCOVERED INSOUTH AFRICA ANDTHE KLONDIKE • MOST CURRENCIESARE ON THE ‘GOLDSTANDARD’ SO MOREGOLD MEANS MOREMONEY FORINVESTMENT • GROWING EUROPEANCITIES NEED CANADIANGRAIN CANADA IN 1905

  3. MACDONALD’S ‘NATIONAL POLICY’ NOW BEGINS TO TAKE OFF • RAILWAY IS USED SO MUCH THERE ARE BOTTLENECKS • TWO NEW COMPETING LINES ARE ALLOWED TO PROGRESS – OVER THE RESIGNATION OF LAURIER’S TRANSPORT MINISTER • TARIFFS BRING AMERICAN ‘BRANCH PLANTS’ HOMESTEADING FARMERS CAN’T KEEP UP WITH THE DEMAND FOR THEIR WHEAT • CLIFFORD SIFTON, MINISTER OF INTERIOR SEEKS ‘QUALITY’ IMMIGRANTS WHO CAN FARM THE PRAIRIES • NORTHERNEUROPEANS ANDUKRANIANS • NOT ASIANS ORAFRICANAMERICANS UKRANIAN FARMER IN ALBERTA 1907

  4. FIRST NATIONS, CONVINCED TO TURN TO AGRICULTURE DID NOT SHARE IN THE RURAL PROSPERITY • SETTLERS COMPLAINED ABOUT COMPETITION FROM SUCCESSFUL NATIVE FARMERS • BY 1880s NATIVE PRODUCE WAS WINNING AWARDS AT REGIONAL FAIRS • GOVERNMENTS SWAPPED TREATY LANDS SO THAT NATIVES ARE FARTHER FROM RAIL LINES • NEW REGULATIONS PROHIBIT THE PURCHASE OF FARM MACHINERY • GOVERNMENT WANTS NATIVES TO PRACTISE ‘PEASANT AGRICULTURE’ • NATIVES REQUIRED TO HAND MAKE HAY FORKS, CARTS AND OTHER IMPLEMENTS • NATIVES WERE NOT ALLOWED TO HOMESTEAD BUT WORKED 40 ACRE PLOTS ON RESERVE • DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS TO DISMANTLE ‘TRIBAL’ OR ‘COMMUNIST’ SYSTEM IN FAVOUR OF INDIVIDUALISM

  5. RESOURCE EXTRACTION EMERGES AS A MAJOR INDUSTRY • DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER IN ONTARIO AND BRITISH COLUMBIA ALLOWED INDUSTRIES TO LOCATE CHEAPLY IN CANADA • MINING • ORE COULD BE PROCESSED AND SMALLER VOLUME FINISHED PRODUCT SHIPPED TO CUSTOMER • FORESTRY • POWER NOW EXISTED FOR SAWMILLS CLOSER TO THE TIMBERSOURCE COPPER CLIFF SMELTER, 1892

  6. THE WEST PRIOR TO 1900 HAD A SIGNIFICANT FRANCOPHONE ELEMENT • VOYAGEURS • METIS IN MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN • WORKING LANGUAGE AT HUDSON’S BAY FORTS, INCLUDING FORT VICTORIA • MANITOBA SCHOOLS QUESTION 1896 • MANITOBA GOVERNMENTABOLISHED THE CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE OF SEPARATE SCHOOLS FOR CATHOLICS • ONCE IN POWER LAURIER REACHES A WEAK COMPROMISE THAT DOES LITTLE TO PROTECT THE METIS & FRENCH CANADIENS • ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN 1905 • LAURIER BACKS DOWN FROM HIS PROPOSAL TO PROTECT FRENCH IN THE NEW PROVINCES UNDER PRESSURE FROM HIS CABINET

  7. BOER WAR 1899 – 1902 • DUTCH SETTLERS IN TRANSVAAL AND ORANGE FREE STATE ATTACK THE BRITISH IN SOUTH AFRICA • CANADIAN PARTICIPATION DEMANDED BY MOST ANGLOPHONES, CONDEMNED BY MOST FRANCOPHONES • LAURIER COMPROMISES BY SENDING ONLY VOLUNTEERS AND HAS BRITAIN PAY THEIR WAY • INTRODUCTION OF GUERILLA WARFARE (DUTCH) AND THE CONCENTRATION CAMP (BRITISH) • MORE BRITISH TROOPS DIE OF DISEASE THAN WOUNDS • 20,000 BRITISH KILLED • 25,000 BOER CIVILIANS DIED IN CAMPS • 15,000 AFRICANS KILLED • 7300 CANADIANS WENT TO SOUTH AFRICA • 245 DIED (OVER HALF FROM DISEASE)

  8. FOREIGN POLICY AND DEFENCE • 1903 THE ALASKAN PANHANDLE HAD NOT BEEN DEFINED WHEN THE UNITED STATES PURCHASED IT IN 1867 • TO REACH THE YUKON FROM THE PACIFIC CANADA WANTED A BOUNDARY THAT LEFT THE TIP OF SOME INLETS WITHIN CANADA • THE DISPUTE GOES TO A TRIBUNAL - 3 AMERICANS 2 CANADIANS AND 1 BRITON • BRITISH MEMBER SIDES WITH THE AMERICANS RESULTING IN TODAY’S BOUNDARY • CANADIANS FELT BETRAYED AND BECAME DETERMINED TO HAVE THEIR OWN SAY IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS • 1905 CANADA ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE NAVAL BASES AT ESQUIMALT AND HALIFAX • FORM A CANADIAN NAVY OR CONTRIBUTE TO BRITAIN’SROYAL NAVY? • MANY FRENCH CANADIENSWANTED NEITHER • LAURIER COMPROMISES BYINTRODUCING A SMALLCANADIAN NAVY HMCS RAINBOW AT ESQUIMALT

  9. ELECTION OF 1911 • PROSPERITY HAD PASSED RURAL QUEBEC BY • IN THE CITIES OF QUEBEC WEALTH AND OPPORTUNITY WENT TO ANGLOPHONES • FARMERS ARE CALLING FOR AN END TO TARIFFS ON RECIPROCITY • RENEWED AMERICAN INTEREST IN FREE TRADE ALLOWS LAURIER TO OFFER RECIPROCITY AS A POLICY INTHE UPCOMING ELECTION • IN FACT MANY CANADIANS DID NOTWANT FREE TRADE • BRANCH PLANT WORKERS • FARMERS WHO FEARED AMERICANCOMPETITION • SOME AMERICAN BOASTED THATRECIPROCITY WOULD LEAD TOANNEXATION • BORDEN WINS THE ELECTION • ENDS UP KEEPING CANADA’S NAVY • LEADS CANADA THROUGH NEWDEPRESSION AND WORLD WAR 1 ROBERT BORDEN

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