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Evaluation of Spatial Repellents Under Semi-field and Field Conditions. Daniel L. Kline USDA-ARS, CMAVE Gainesville, FL d an.kline@ars.usda.gov. Spatial (area) repellents.
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Evaluation of Spatial Repellents Under Semi-field and Field Conditions Daniel L. Kline USDA-ARS, CMAVE Gainesville, FL dan.kline@ars.usda.gov
Spatial (area) repellents Spatial (or area) repellent products are intended to significantly reduce the number of mosquitoes (and potentially other biting flies) in a defined area over a designated period of time.
Military Objectives • Protect Individual Soldier • Sentry duty • Special Operations • Protect Community of Soldiers • Tent • Whole Encampment
Effects On Target Species • Mortality • True Repellency • Expellency
Commercial Products Tested---2009 • Hot Shot No Pest Strip---2,2- dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% • SC Johnson’s Clip-On---metofluthrin 31.2% • ThermaCell---d-cis/allethrin 21.97%
Mortality Effects 8 ft 8 ft 4 ft 4 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft
Hot Shot with 2,2-diclorovinyldimethylphosphate 18.6% Aedesaegypti N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
Hot Shot with 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% Aedestaeniorhynchus S 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% N (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
Hot Shot with 2,2-diclorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% Stomoxyscalcitrans N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Aedesaegypti S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Aedestaeniorhynchus S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Stomoxyscalcitrans S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Ae. aegypti S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Aedestaeniorhynchus S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Stomoxyscalcitrans S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)
Mosquitoes Released Into Each Cage Ochlerotatustaeniorhynchus (500) Aedesaegypti (500) Flies Released Into Each Cage Stomoxys calcitrans (500)
Arkansas Field Studies • 13 trap nights • Five species captured • Psorophoracolumbiae • Anophelesquadrimaculatus • Culexerraticus • Culexsalinarius • Aedesvexans
Arkansas Field Studies • None of the candidate spatial repellents prevented mosquitoes from finding the traps. • Traps equipped with ThermaCELL captured significantly fewer mosquitoes.
What’s Next: Additional Compounds • Linalool • Geraniol • DEET • TL-I-73 transfluthrin analogue • 1% prallethrin • 1-Methylpiperazine • 1-Ethylpiperazine • 1-Methylpyrrolidine • Kamal’s compounds
What’s Next: • Attract and Kill Technologies • Spatial repellents and artificial barrier treatments against Anopheles mosquitoes under field conditions
Collaborators • Ulrich Bernier • Jerome Hogsette • KamalChauhan • James Dunsford • Todd Walker • David Dame • Max Meisch
Acknowledgements • Special thanks to Joyce Urban who did all the hard work • Jolene Malicoate for rearing Aedesaegypti • Haze Brown for rearing Aedestaeniorhynchus • Heather Furlong for rearing Stomoxyscalcitrans