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Nomenclature in Latin Castanea sativa ,  sweet chestnut . Sativum ,  Sativus , and Sativa  - adjectives meaning culti

Nomenclature in Latin Castanea sativa ,  sweet chestnut . Sativum ,  Sativus , and Sativa  - adjectives meaning cultivated , Sativa derived from the Latin  satum ,  meaning to sow .  ' season ' derives also from satum , as ' appropriate time for sowing '. 

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Nomenclature in Latin Castanea sativa ,  sweet chestnut . Sativum ,  Sativus , and Sativa  - adjectives meaning culti

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  1. Nomenclature in Latin • Castaneasativa, sweetchestnut. • Sativum, Sativus, andSativa - adjectivesmeaningcultivated, • Sativaderivedfromthe Latin satum, meaningtosow.  • 'season' derivesalsofromsatum, as 'appropriate time forsowing'.  • Sativaends in -a, because it is thefeminine form of theadjective, • masculine (-us) andneuter (-um) endingsareusedtoagreewiththegender of thenouns • Crocussativus – Saffron (masculine), Pisumsativum– Pea (neuter). • Ranunculus=buttercupmuricatus=rough • Sinapis=Mustardarvensis =in thefields. M.S. IQBAL,A. GHAFOOR, INAMULLAH, H.AHMAD. 2013. Pak. J. Bot., 45(6): 2065-2070. GENETIC VARIATION IN YIELD PERFORMANCE FOR THREE YEARSIN NIGELLA SATIVA L. GERMPLASM AND ITS ASSOCIATIONWITH MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION.

  2. GRAPES • Domesticationbegan 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Near East-cultivation in Asia 5000 BC. • OftentheMediterranean as thehomeforallgrapes, actuallynativetoregions in Asia, Africa, North America.

  3. Most widely cultivatedgrapespecies-  Vitis vinifera (Asia-1 native grape Amur grape Vitis amurensis ), & several 1000 var. of this grape exist. • Earliest archeological evidence- 8,000 years ago from Georgia. • Yeast, earliest domesticated microorganism- occurs naturally on the skin of grapes, leading to the alcoholic drinks.

  4. ACTIVE COMPOUNDS: • Stilbenes: • resveratrol, piceatannol, pterostilbene. • Flavanols: • catechins, epicatechins, procyanidins,proanthocyanidins,viniferonesquercetin,myricetin, • kaempferol , isorhamnetin. Phenolic Acids, • caffeic acid,coumaric acid,ferulic acid,gallic acid. • Carotenoids : • beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin.

  5. Gene-Mapping Project-heritage of over 110 modern grape cv –investigatedorigin in Georgia-residues discovered on the inner surfaces of 8,000-year-old ceramic storage jars. • Armenia, datingtoaround 4000 BC. • Syrahredwine of ShirazcalledShiraziwineknownfrom 16 AD.

  6. Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purplegrapes. • Greeks,Phoeniciansand Romans grewforeating + wine production. • In USA native grapes from various species of  Vitis genus were a part of the diet of many NativeAmericans. • BUT Vitis vinifera cvimported.

  7. FrenchParadox • French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, but the incidence of heart disease remainslow? • Potentialbenefitsinclude: reduces platelet aggregation, compounds mainly in the grape skin provide manyhealthbenefits. • Altersmolecularmechanisms in bloodvessels, reducingsusceptibilitytovasculardamage.

  8. Decreases activity of angiotensin, a systemic hormone causing blood vessel constriction that would elevate blood pressure. • Increases production of thevasodilatorhormone, nitricoxide. • Polyphenols like resveratrolprovide physiologicalbenefits & protectiveeffects on thecardiovascular system.

  9. Resveratrol • Apparently serves antifungal & other defensive properties. • Dietary- modulates the metabolism of lipids & inhibits oxidation of low-density lipoproteins & aggregation of platelets. • primarily in theskins of grapevarieties & seeds, in muscadine grapes- have about 100 timeshigherconcentrationthanpulp.

  10. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 microgm. of resveratrol / gm. • In vitro studiesindicate-protection of thegenomethroughantioxidant actions may be a general function of resveratrol. 

  11. resveratrol-1 year dietaryregime;Phase III study of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease. • anthocyanins-mainpolyphenolics in purplegrapes; • catechins are the more abundantphenolic in whitevarieties.

  12. resveratrol has transcriptional overlap with the beneficial effects of calorie restriction in heart, skeletalmuscle& brain (micestudies). • inhibits gene expressionassociatedwithheart&skeletalmuscleaging. • preventage-relatedheartfailure.

  13. Total phenolic content-lab. index of antioxidantstrengthhigher in purplecv (skin anthocyanindensity) comparedtowhitegrape skin (lackanthocyanins). • BUT, phenoliccontentvarieswithcv, soilcomposition, climate, geographicorigin, & cultivationpracticesorexposuretodiseases, such as fungalinfections. • Fermentation time in contact with grape skins-an important determinant of resveratrol content.

  14. Ordinary non-muscadine extract contains 0.2 - 5.8 mg/L, dependingon the grape variety. • Inmuscadineskins, ellagicacid, myricetin, quercetin,kaempferol, & trans-resveratrolaremajorphenolics. • Extractsfrommuscadinegrapesmaycontainmorethan 40 mg/L, an exceptionalphenoliccontent. 

  15. Contrary to previous results, EllagicAcid& not Resveratrolregarded as themajorphenolics in muscadine grapes. • Flavonols syringetin, syringetin 3-O-galactoside, laricitrin & laricitrin 3-O-galactosidealso found in purple, absent in whitegrapes.

  16. Benefits • Areas of benefit in graperesearchincludethecardiovascularsystem, respiratorysystem, immunesystem, inflammatorysystem, bloodsugarregulatingsystem, & nervoussystem. • Anotherarea of specialbenefit is cancerprevention, withrisk of breast, prostate, & coloncanceremerging as themostlikelyareas of grape anti-cancerbenefits.

  17. Otherfruits • (almond,banana,breadfruit,walnut(nrmal,pekan,indian),apple, pear,peach, avocado,guava,mango,orange,papaya,passion-fruit, pineapple-14),abiu (Pouteria caimoto),acerola (Malpighiaspp.), annonaspp., Averrhoa carambola, chempedak (Artocarpusintegrifolia), Durian.

  18. Otherfruits • pistachio= Pistaciavera; Arachishypogaea- groundnut, pinon=1) Siberian pine, Pinussibirica; 2) Korean pine, Pinuskoraiensis; 3) Italian stone pine, Pinuspinea; 5) Chilgoza pine, Pinusgerardiana; and 5) singleleafpinyon, Pinusmonophylla, Colorado pinyon, Pinusedulis, and other pinyon pine species, • jackfruit, langsat and duku (Lansium domesticum), longan (Dimocarpus longan syn. Euphoria longana), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), wax apple, santol (Sandorium koetjape)

  19. Taxusbaccata • In 1021, Avicennaintroducedthemedicinaluse of  T. baccataforphytotherapy in TheCanon of Medicine. • He namedthisherbaldrug "Zarnab" andused it as a cardiacremedy. • Firstknownuse of a calciumchannelblockerdrug, not in wideuse in the Western worlduntilthe 1960s.

  20. Precursors of chemotherapydrugPaclitaxel   derived from the leaves of European yew :-Taxusbaccata,  more renewable source than the bark of the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia-western yew,Taxaceae) a  conifer  native to  Pacific NW of N America. • Early 1990s; manyenvironmentalists, including Al Gore, had opposedtheharvesting of yewforpaclitaxelcancertreatments. 

  21. Docetaxel (anothertaxane) obtainedby semi-syntheticconversionfromtheprecursors. • CentralHimalayas-theplantused as a treatmentforcancer. • Chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (taxol), used in breast, ovarian, & lung cancer treatment.

  22. Had becomescarce when chemotherapeutic potential realized----never commercially harvested from itshabitat at alarge scale. • semi-synthetic pathway was developed from extracts of cultivated yewsof otherspecies. • Traditionally, wood used by native Americans to make bows& paddles for canoes, +many other items for daily life use. • Japanese used the woodfor decorative purposes.

  23. Most parts of tree toxic, except thebright red aril surrounding the seed. • Foliage toxic even when wilted, toxicity increases in potency when dried. • Ingestion & subsequent excretion by birds whose beaks+digestive systems do not break down the seed's coating are the primary means ofyew dispersal. 

  24. Taxus baccata-a conifer native to western, central, southern Europe, NW Africa, N Iran & SW Asia. • Unlicensed pharmaceutical production & use of closely related wild yew species in India +China threatening these species.

  25. Originally known as yew, now called English yew, or European yew. • A tree in Scotland, has largest recorded trunk -2,000 to 3,000 years old, may be around 1,500 yearsold. • Horses have lowest tolerance to taxine, with a lethal dose of 200–400 mg/kg body weight, cattle, pigs, & other livestock are only slightly less vulnerable.

  26. Symptoms of yew poisoning include: accelerated heart rate, muscle tremors, convulsions, collapse, difficulty inbreathing, circulation impairment& eventually heart failure. • Theremay be no symptoms, ifpoisoningremainsundetected, deathmayoccurwithinhours.

  27. Fatal poisoning in humans is very rare, usually if yew foliageconsumed in large quantity. • Leavesmore toxic than seeds. • One of theworld'soldestsurvivingwoodenartifacts - Clactonianyewspearhead, found in 1911 at Clacton-on-sea, in Essex, UK. • Estimatedto be about 450,000 yearsold.

  28. Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) • Madagascar rosy periwinkle-native & endemic to Madagascar. • Other English names:- Cape periwinkle Rose periwinkle Rosy periwinkle “Old-Maid"

  29. Rosinidin- an anthocyanidin pigment found in the flowers of C. roseus. • Species long cultivated for herbal medicine & as ornamental. • In Ayurveda the extracts of roots + shoots, though poisonous, used against several diseases. • Traditional Chinese medicine, extracts used against numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria, & Hodgkin's lymphoma.

  30. Vinblastine + Vincristineextractedfromtheplant-used in thetreatment of Leukemia & Hodgkin'slymphoma. • Conflictbetweenhistoricalindigenoususe, & recentpatents on C.roseus-deriveddrugsby western pharmaceuticalcompanies, withoutcompensation, has ledtoaccusations of  BIOPIRACY.

  31. Dangerousifconsumedorally. • Can be extremely toxic (under its synonym Vinca rosea). • Ornamental plant, appreciated for its hardiness in dry & nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical gardens wheretemperaturesneverfallbelow 5 -7 °C, & as a warm-seasonbeddingplant in temperategardens.

  32. Notedforitslongfloweringperiod, throughouttheyear in tropicalconditions, fromspringtolateautumn, in warmtemperateclimates. • Full sun & well-drainedsoilarepreferred.

  33. Numerouscvselected-variation in flowercolour (white, mauve, peach, scarletandreddish-orange), alsofortolerance of coolergrowingconditions in temperateregions. • Notablecvare 'Albus' (whiteflowers), 'GrapeCooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), OcellatusGroup (variouscolours), 'PeppermintCooler' (whitewith a redcentre; cool-tolerant).

  34. Cyperusrotundus

  35. (coco-grass, Java grass, nutgrass, purplenutsedge, rednutsedge) • Species of sedge (Cyperaceae) nativetoAfrica, southern / centralEurope & southernAsia.

  36. Word  cyperus-fromtheGreek (kuperos) & rotundus is from Latin, meaning "round".  • Names "nutgrass" & "nutsedge“(Cyperusesculentus) - derivedfromitstubers, somewhatresemblenuts- botanicallytheyhavenothingto do withnuts.

  37. Papyrus & Food • Papyrusmentioned as foodbyHerodotus, annualplantcollected & lowerparteaten. • Starchfilledrhizomesconsumedraworroasted, tastedevenbetterafterbeingbaked in a red hot oven. • Theophrastus (ca. 370-288 BC) claimed it was of greatestuse as food.

  38. Egyptianschewedthepapyrusraw, swallowedthejuice , spitouttheremains. • Childrenwereservedstewsalongwithraw, roasted, boiled, orbaked, stalks of theplant. • Plinytellsthattherootwas a foodforthepeasantclasses. • Used as chewinggumboth in theraw & boiledstates.

  39. Tubers of Cyperusesculentus (tigernuts) andC. rotunduswereused in theancienteasternMediterranean as food, perfumeandmedicine. • Tigernutswereconsumed in Egypt as boiled in beer, roastedor as sweetsmade of groundtuberswithhoney-found in tombsfromthe 4th millenniumb.c.tothe 5th centurya.d. • TreatmentsgivenbyDioscorides-similartoone in theEberspapyri, demonstratingitscontinuityover 1600 years. 

  40. PapyrusBoats • Roman naturalistPlinywrote, “…indeedtheyplaitpapyrustomakeboats, weavesails + mattingfromthe bark & alsocloth, blankets, ropes.” • Smallskiffsweremadebyfishermen as theyservedwellforfishing & laying of trapsordrag-nets.

  41. Numerousmedicalusesdocumented in theEbersPapyrusand in theEdwinSmithPapyrus. • Driedpapyrususedforexpanding & dryingfistulae - as an aidtoopen an abscessfortheapplication of medicine.

  42. Burntpapyrusashwas a causticremedy. • Ash used for diseases of eye &if added to wine itinduced sleep. • Plant itself with water was known to cure skincalluses.

  43. Papyrusdisappearance-not duetoclimate but in the physical conditions of theriver—periodical rise & fall of itswaters—not enabling it to hold its ground without human intervention.”  • Delta silted up & around the 12th century BC made it a salty swamp, Papyrus, a fresh water plant, was doomed.

  44. IntraditionalChinesemedicine -cyperuswastheprimaryqiregulatingherb.IntraditionalChinesemedicine -cyperuswastheprimaryqiregulatingherb. • Mentioned in ancientIndianayurvedicmedicine. • Currentlyusedfortreatingfevers,  digestivesystemdisorders, dysmenorrhea  & othermaladies(modern ayurvedicmedicine) .

  45. Dioscoridesmentionsitsuse as a diureticin thetreatment of ulcers & sores. • Usedboth in fresh & dry form as perfume & as aromatic. • In alternative medicine  C.rotundusappliedinternally & externally to treat nausea, digestive system maladies, high blood pressure, premenstrual syndrome, cramping.

  46. Used to reduce  inflammation, pain, & heart palpitations. • Clinicalstudiesshow-theessentialoilsin theplant'stubershaveantibioticproperties-stop thegrowth of bacteriaMicrococcuspyrogenes. • Oil of Cyperus rotundus may be able to treat Staphylococcus aureus.

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