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Country Study: South Africa

Country Study: South Africa. History of South Africa. Started as Hunters and Herders. The Dutch. Arrived at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 Dutch enslaved the tribes of Khoisans

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Country Study: South Africa

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  1. Country Study: South Africa

  2. History of South Africa Started as Hunters and Herders

  3. The Dutch Arrived at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 Dutch enslaved the tribes of Khoisans When these slaves died from died disease etc, the Dutch imported slaves from South East Asia Other native tribes were finishing centuries long migration South from Central Africa mixing with hunters and herders, the groups were the Zulu, Sotho, and Swazi kingdoms

  4. Dutch East India Company Cape town originally settled to resupply ships heading to and from Dutch Colonies in Indonesia Made colony and developed culture based on Protestant Dutch Reformed Church and had its own language Colony was seized by British in 1795 and the Dutch ceded control to the British in 1814

  5. Dutch Migration As British settlers arrived many Dutch migrated to the interior of Southern Africa The Dutch had to fight and kill many tribes in order to take over the land, and it was easy due to the technological advancements they had Dutch heavily outnumbered against the Zulus and didn’t lose one person Created two states known as Boer Republic where slavery, segregation, the language, and the Dutch Reformed Church were protected by law English eventually entered the territory due to deposits of gold and diamonds and in response war was declared on England in 1899

  6. Boer Wars 1880-81 and 1899-1902 They were outnumbered 5 to 1 British use concentration camps where 20,000 dutch were killed and 15,000 blacks perished 1902 Boer states become British colonies. Boer signed a peace treaty which still allowed the discrimination of blacks, no voting, no rights protected for the black majority Native Land Act 1913 prevented blacks from owning land except for in small parts of South Africa

  7. Political Parties African National Congress founded in 1912 as a nonviolent advocate for multiracial democracy South African party which consisted of English and Dutch National party in 1914 1930s NP leader Daniel Malan had policies of White Supremacy and wanted Dutch to get part of the Wealth from the English 1948 NP elected to office, Apartheid begins

  8. Apartheid Goals: Bring Dutch power and eliminate black participation in South African politics Intensified racial segregation, moving backwards from the rest of the world where discrimination was being challenged, in South Africa there were legal justifications for it Population Registration Act 1950 divided South Africa based on races of white, African, colored, and Indian, made blacks not citizens, instead were deemed to be citizens of 10 tribal homelands and the government chose leaders for those territories who supported their ideas. Government chose where each race would reside, no mixed marriages and segregation of public places, no two races in same neighborhood forced relocation

  9. Fight against Apartheid ANC party was against it Used nonviolent ways to protest under leader Nelson Mandela, who was arrested for 27 years Many protesters were killed or incarcerated and the ANC was banned by apartheid leaders so they joined with South African Communist Party 1988 guerrilla warfare by ANC against apartheid regime Some people (United States) support apartheid regime as fight against communism, UN placed embargoes to fight against the regime F.W. de Klerk repleade many acts from the apartheid regime and legalized black political parties (1989-94)

  10. Results 1990-1993 transition made to democracy with negotiations between Mandela and President F.W. de Klerk( easier to do with end of the cold war) 1994 multiracial elections and ANC majority government under Nelson Mandela 1996 democratic constitution approved 1999 legislative elections won by ANC and continues to be the biggest party to this day

  11. Political Regime Apartheid Regime(1948-1994): Apartheid means separateness. During this regime, racial discrimination against non whites was enforced. Under this system, the people of South Africa were divided by their race and the different races were forced to live separately from each other. There were laws in place to ensure that segregation was abided by. The last president under this regime was Frederik Willem de Klerk. He was responsible for holding negotiations with political prisoner Nelson Mandela to bring an end to apartheid. Following these successful negotiations, Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa, becoming the first black person to hold the position

  12. Post-Apartheid: Multiracial Democratic Regime • After the political transition in 1994, political rights were extended to the population as a whole instead of only white South Africans. • South Africa is now a democracy with broad political rights and civil liberties like those of advanced democracies. • Since South Africa had a deep history of democratic systems, the transition was more smooth as they just had to reform their current regime to extend it to the entire population.

  13. Constitution • The new regime is enshrined in the constitution and approved in 1996. • This document highlighted how new democratic rights had to be provided to the black majority and those of the white minority had to be protected. • The constitution's main priority was to balance majority and minority concerns carefully, affirming the basic values of human rights regardless of race, gender, etc. • Rights included: Housing, Health Care, Food, Water, Social security, and a healthy environment. • Limits power of state to arrest detain and prosecute. Protects private property • Identifies itself as Supreme Law of the Land as a constitutional court can strike down any act in the government seen as unconstitutional.

  14. Branches of Government • Based on British institutions, for the apartheid period, South Africa had a bicameral parliament, a prime minister, and a ceremonial president as head of state. • Since 1994, the system has transformed into a more conventional democracy with a bicameral parliament and a constitutional court. • Due to the historically consistent issues between the Afrikaner and english speaking whites, South Africa has three capitals. • Seat of govt. Located in Pretoria, heart of the Afrikaner power • Legislative Capital is located in Cape Town, where English Influence is strongest. • Judicial capital is located in Bloemfontein

  15. Branches • Executive: President who is elected by National Assembly . Head of state and Head of Government. Signs or vetoes legislation, chooses a cabinet of ministers, refers legislation to constitutional court. President can also call national referenda, dissolve national assembly, and call new elections. • Legislative: Bicameral Parliament. National Assembly 400 members elected by people, 5 year terms. National Council of Provinces, 90 members, votes on legislation affecting the provinces. • Judiciary: Constitutional Court: Hears cases regarding constitutional issues. 11 members serve 12 year terms and are appointed by the president.

  16. Electoral System • Current system is significantly different than one of the past. • Under apartheid, the country used the British single member district, or plurality system. • When switch was made to democracy, they decided to create an electoral system purely based on proportional representation • In this system, voters do not vote for individual representatives, they vote for parties.

  17. Local Government • Below the national level, South Africa is divided into nine provinces, each with its own elected assembly. Members serve 5 year terms and the elections are held simultaneously with national legislatures. • Members of the assembly elect a premier to serve as the province’s chief executive. • The provincial assemblies have their own constitutions, pass legislation, and send delegates to the National Council of Provinces.

  18. Foreign Affairs in South Africa • Under Apartheid, South Africa was isolated from the World. • Post- Apartheid allowed room for South Africa to open up an form international ties. • Compared to the rest of Africa, South Africa is advanced economically making it the central for trade. • In 2002, South Africa played a strong role in forming the African Union(AU). • South Africa also helped aid in Southern African Development Community.

  19. MAJOR ISSUES -UNEMPLOYMENT -Highest unemployment rate in the world (Over 20%) -Another thing we have to consider is the difference and things between the abilities in the society and the abilities circulation that our economy appears to require. -South Africa also has a very high rate of people that give up and end up quitting -It is hard to get a job but it also reflects back to finding a job -Education also plays a role in South Africa’s high Unemployement rate

  20. EDUCATIONAL ISSUES • The South African government spends around $1225 per child in their education system. Kenya (258$) and Zimbabwe (100$) spend much less than South Africa but still achieve a higher level of education. • This shows the problem does not lie in federal funding, but the efficiency of the money spent. They are spending money on the wrong things. • 27% of students that go to school for at least 6 years are still unable to read. • Passing qualifications for a bachelor's degree range from 30 to 50 percent. • 99% of whites are enrolled in school while only 69% of Africans are enrolled.

  21. Political Economy The political and social challenges confronting south africa today cannot be separated from its economic challenges. South Africa faces massive unemployment, growing income inequality and persistent poverty among its poorest citizens . Successful democratic political transition has not guaranteed the social and economic transformation of South Africa. In 2016 south africa’s economy was experiencing its worst economic crisis in decades.

  22. Political economy continued Public debt is over 50% of GDP and the budget deficit is around 4% National debt will rise by almost a trillion dollars between 2017-2020 Gross loan debt is expected to reach 247 billion dollars in 2020 as the government borrows from local and international markets South africa unemployment rate increased slightly between 2017-2018 going from 27.5% to 27.9%

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