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Understanding Motion: Newton's Laws and Forces Explained

Dive into the fundamentals of motion with Newton's Laws of Motion. Explore how an object's acceleration is affected by net forces and mass, emphasizing the relationships in Newton's Second Law (F = ma). Learn about inertial frames, the concept of inertia, and the distinction between mass and weight. Apply free body diagrams to visualize forces acting on objects. Examine friction, drag, and their implications on movement. This comprehensive guide provides insights into calculating net forces, exploring real-world applications through examples.

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Understanding Motion: Newton's Laws and Forces Explained

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  1. Dynamics Why and how an object moves? Newton’s Laws

  2. Newton’s second law of motion The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on an object a = ΣF/m

  3. Units of Force • Fnet = ma [kg m/s2 = 1N] • Pound is a unit of force not mass • 1 pound = 4.45N

  4. Newton's First Law of Motion Every body continues in it’s state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line as long as no net force acts on it • “Law of inertia”; it also defines an inertial Frame.

  5. Q1. Which of the following is NOT an inertial reference frame (where Newton’s Laws are invalid)? • A train moving at constant velocity 100m/s; • A plane cruising at 900km/hr; • A plane during taking off; 4) A space shuttle.

  6. Free Body Diagrams 1) Calculate net forces 2) Calculate net forces along the direction of motion • indicate the magnitude of a force by the length of an arrow.

  7. Normal Force

  8. Q2 The weight of the box is 70kg and the pulling force is 900N, the normal force will be about • 200N pointing up; • 200N pointing down; • 1600N pointing down; • 0N.

  9. Example 1: A tug with two barges FP= 100 000N m1 = 20 000kg m2 = 50 000 m3 = 100 000 Free body diagrams? a = ? T1 = ? (Tension on the cable between tug and barge 1) T2 = ? (Tension on the cable between barges)

  10. Consider the horizontal motion only -T1 FP= 100 000N -T2 T1 T2

  11. Net force on the tug FP – T1 = ax 20 000 • Net force on barge 1 T1– T2 = ax 50 000 • Net horizontal force on barge 2 T2 = ax 100 000

  12. All three vessels are moving with the same acceleration ax FP – T1 = ax ·20 000 T1– T2 = ax ·50 000 T2 = ax ·100 000 Add these equations together: FP = ax ·170 000 ax = 100000N/170 000kg = 0.59 m/s2 T2 = 0.59 m/s2 · 100 000kg = 59 000N T1= T2 + ax 50 000 = 88500N

  13. Friction • Kinetic friction • Static friction ---Friction force does not depend on the contact area! • Rolling friction

  14. Coefficients of friction Static: • S= max(fs)/n fs   S n Kinetic: • K= fk /n fk = K n,  S > K

  15. Drag forcees in gases and liquids Drag force increases with velocity D= c A v^2; A is the cross-section area of an object; v is the velocity. c is the drag coefficient. (What is the right SI unit for ‘c’?) For the air, c=1/4 in SI units.

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