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User Psychology. ITKP103 Human Being and Information System http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ky/kurssit/itkp103/index.html Sacha Helfenstein sh@cc.jyu.fi Lectures 28.10, 2.11., and 4.11.2005. Perception. Perception ≠ mental copy of stimuli
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User Psychology ITKP103 Human Being and Information System http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ky/kurssit/itkp103/index.html Sacha Helfenstein sh@cc.jyu.fi Lectures 28.10, 2.11., and 4.11.2005
Perception • Perception ≠ mental copy of stimuli • Perception is the process and product of actively selecting and organizing sensory information. • Limits and Laws (e.g., contrasts, 3D, Faces, Gestalt Laws
Limits of Perception: Light • Light impression: Wavelength of ca. 380 nm to 740 nm • Color spectrum: Differentiation of ca. 10 mio colors
Cells are connected so as to place sensations of: redin opposition togreen bluein opposition toyellow blackin opposition towhite The Opponent Process Theory (Hering, 1878; Hurvich & Jamison, 1957)
Psychophysics of Sensation • Weber (1846): Just noticable difference (JND, ∆I) = k•I (stimuli-specific) • Fechner (1860): Sensation (S) = K•log I
Limits of Perception: Sound • Sound impression: Frequencies between ca. 10Hz and 20kHz, with frequencies around 3500Hz appearing the loudest • Volume: Sound pressures from 0dB - 85bB (damaging level) – 130dB (pain level) - ?
Gestalt Laws In search of the „Good Figure“ „The whole is different from the sum of the stimuli“ • Proximity • Closure & Figure-Ground • Similarity • Common Fate & Continuity • Symmetry e.g., Koffka (1935)
Application Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure e.g., Music
Perception and Attention • Factors influencing visual representation, e.g.,: • Visual saliency (e.g., pop-out, contrasts, familiar schemata) • Cognitive saliency (e.g., gist, consistency, context) • Principles of perception (e.g., Gestalt laws) • Task goal • Key properties of attention: • Division and Selection • Control vs. Automation
Stroop Effect (1935) Hattu Kortti Ranska Kone Kenkä Veitsi Punainen Violetti Oranssi Vihreä Valkoinen Sininen Punainen ViolettiOranssi Vihreä Valkoinen Sininen ViolettiKeltainenMusta VihreäSininen Oranssi Valkoinen
Important psychological concepts • Capacity • limitations of information processing • Selectivity • focus of information processing • Division • parallel processing • Construction • organization of information... • ... into meaningful wholes
Users‘ Learning and Thinking • Repetitio mater studiorum est • Consistency and Interference • Recognition is easier than recall • Learning and thinking is context dependent • Law of Experience -> Transfer of Learning • Familiarity • Affordance • Metaphors (metapherein = to transfer)