Chapter 23

1. Chapter 23

2. The term evolution is used to describe  • heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next. • any change in an individual that can be observed. • changes in the number of individuals in a population due to mating. • the ability of an individual organism to pass on what it has learned, through experience, to the next generation. 10

3. Evolution, viewed on a small scale, as it relates to changes in a single gene or allele frequency in a population over time, is called  • macroevolution. • speciation. • genetic evolution. • phenotypic evolution. • microevolution. 1

4. The concept of a species was proposed by  • Charles Darwin. • John Ray. • CarolusLinneaus. • Erasmus Darwin. • George Cuvier. 1

5. Peter and Rosemary Grant study natural selection in finches on the Galápagos Islands. They have hypothesized that dry condition produce larger seeds and may result in larger beaks in succeeding generations of finches. The figure below shows their data from 1976 and 1987. The y-axis is the number of birds measured and the x-axis is the beak depth. Does their data support their hypothesis and why? • yes; because there were more birds measured in 1978 after the drought, therefore they must have been able to get food and reproduce. • yes; because the average beak depth of birds in the population increased from 8.8mm in 1976 to 9.8mm in 1978. • no; because even though more birds were measured in 1978, the beak size of the upper range was smaller. • no; because in 1976, before the drought, the largest beak depth was still 11.3mm. 20

6. Which of the following could be classified as a "transitional form" fossil?  • Hyracotherium, the first fossil of a horse that was found 55 mya. • An early amphibian tetrapod from 360 mya. • A clam shell laying at the bottom of the ocean. • A fossil that has all of the ancestors traits and none of the present day animals traits. 1

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8. An important message from the work of Thomas Malthus that influenced Charles Darwin was  • animals tended toward "human perfection.“ • only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce. • population size of humans can. • inheritance of acquired characteristics. 1

9. Did Darwin develop his theory of evolution through experimentation or observation or other methods?  • Experimentation. • Observation. • Both experimentation and observation because he collected samples but also worked experimentally with finches. • Mathematical analysis of experimental data. 6

10. The result of natural selection is  • extinction. • catastrophism. • adaptation. • synthesis. 1

11. The Modern Synthesis of evolution is based on  • observations of the formation of new species. • Darwin's ideas and modern concepts of genetics. • experimental studies of populations performed by Darwin. • recent concepts of adaptation and reproduction. 1

12. Some major changes that occurred in horse body size, foot anatomy and tooth morphology are hypothesized to be due to natural selection because of ...  • changes in global climates which resulted in changing environments from forest to grasslands. • changes in global climates which resulted in changing environments from grasslands to forests. • changing climates from dry to wet. • changing climates from wet to dry. 1

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14. A species that is naturally found only in a particular location is called  • extinct. • endemic. • extinct due to the action of humans. • exotic. • transitional. 1

15. When Darwin observed several species of finches on the Galápagos Islands had unique beak characteristics, he compared them with finch beaks on the mainland. Which of the following studies use geographic distribution of extinct and living species to determine patterns of evolution?  • Biology. • Geology. • Palentology. • Geneology. • Biogeography. 1

16. Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs of the deserts of Africa, have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. This is an example of  • selective breeding. • transitional forms. • homologous traits. • convergent evolution. 1

17. The long snout of the giant anteater, Myrmecophagatridactyla, of South America, and the echidna, Tachyglossusaculeatus, of Australia, are animals of different evolutionary lineages that are both adapted to eating ants. This is an example of  • selective breeding. • anatomical homology. • analogous traits. • artificial selection. • Both analogous traits and artificial selection are correct. 1

18. Selective breeding results from programs designed to modify traits in domesticated species.  • True • False 1

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20. English ivy (Hedera helix) and wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) both have aerial rootlets that allow them to climb up and stick to bark on trees. As you can tell from their scientific name these plants are not closely related, but yet they have both evolved similar morphological structures used for the same purpose. What type of evolution is this?  • Analogous. • Convergent. • Radial. • Bivalent. • Both analogous and convergent. 1

21. You are all excited because you just purchased a male guppy that has red, blue and green colors on its fins and tail. Your guppies at home do not have this combination of colors. You place the new male in with three females for mating purposes. After three weeks you have many new baby guppies and most of them have the new color combination. This is an example of which type of selection?  • Natural. • Environmental. • Analogous. • Convergent. • Artificial. 1

22. The underlying phenomenon that makes selective breeding or artificial selection possible is genetic variation. It is possible to have phenotypic variation in natural populations because of.  • artificial selection. • gene inversion. • differences in alleles for a specific trait. • similarity in alleles for a specific trait. • both artificial selection and gene inversion. 1

23. Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor is called  • homology. • analogy. • commonality. • convergence. • analogy and convergence are correct. 22

24. When observing the skeleton of a snake, you see the remains of hip and hind leg bones associated with four legged animals. These bones are called ...  • convergent traits. • analogous structures. • vestigial structures. • homologous structures. • both homologous and analogous structures. 29

25. Winner…