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iGCSE chemistry Section 5 lesson 2

iGCSE chemistry Section 5 lesson 2. Content. The iGCSE Chemistry course. Section 1 Principles of Chemistry Section 2 Chemistry of the Elements Section 3 Organic Chemistry Section 4 Physical Chemistry Section 5 Chemistry in Society. Content. Section 5

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iGCSE chemistry Section 5 lesson 2

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  1. iGCSE chemistrySection 5 lesson 2

  2. Content The iGCSE Chemistry course Section 1 Principles of Chemistry Section 2 Chemistry of the Elements Section 3 Organic Chemistry Section 4 Physical Chemistry Section 5 Chemistry in Society

  3. Content Section 5 Chemistry in industry • Extraction and uses of metals • Crude oil • Synthetic polymers • The industrial manufacture of chemicals

  4. b) Crude oil 5.6 understand that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons 5.7 describe and explain how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions 5.8 recall the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen 5.9 describe the trend in boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions 5.10 understand that incomplete combustion of fuels may produce carbon monoxide and explain that carbon monoxide is poisonous because it reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen 5.11 understand that, in car engines, the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming nitrogen oxides 5.12 understand that nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are pollutant gases which contribute to acid rain, and describe the problems caused by acid rain 5.13 understand that fractional distillation of crude oil produces more long-chain hydrocarbons than can be used directly and fewer short-chain hydrocarbons than required and explain why this makes cracking necessary 5.14 describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking, using silica or alumina as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600–700oC. Lesson 2 b) Crude oil

  5. Crude Oil

  6. Crude Oil

  7. Crude Oil Crude oil is a dark, viscous, liquid mixture of many different hydrocarbons

  8. Crude Oil Viscous means that it does not flow easily.

  9. Crude Oil A hydrocarbon is a compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

  10. Crude Oil Crude oil was formed Millions of years ago from the decomposition of animals and plants under pressure

  11. Crude Oil Massive oil rigs are used to drill underground to extract the crude oil. These oil rigs may be on land, or out at sea as shown here.

  12. Crude Oil Massive oil rigs are used to drill underground to extract the crude oil. These oil rigs may be on land, or out at sea as shown here. The crude oil is piped ashore or carried in huge oil tankers to oil refineries where the crude oil is used to make useful products.

  13. Crude Oil

  14. Crude Oil Oil refineries are huge industrial complexes where crude oil is initially refined by a process known as fractional distillation.

  15. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Fractional distillation splits crude oil up into its separate parts, or fractions.

  16. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Fractional distillation splits crude oil up into its separate parts, or fractions. This distillation takes place in a fractionating column.

  17. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Fractional distillation splits crude oil up into its separate parts, or fractions. This distillation takes place in a fractionating column.

  18. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Fractional distillation splits crude oil up into its separate parts, or fractions. This distillation takes place in a fractionating column. Crude oil is heated until it becomes gaseous, and it is then piped in to the bottom of the column.

  19. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil As the vapour travels up the fractionating column the different fractions condense into liquids and are constantly tapped off.

  20. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons of different sized molecules.

  21. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons of different sized molecules. Hydrocarbons are basically fuels such as petrol and diesel.

  22. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons of different sized molecules. Hydrocarbons are basically fuels such as petrol and diesel. The shorter the molecules, the lower the temperature at which that fraction condenses – i.e. higher up the fractionating column.

  23. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain Crude oil (vapour)

  24. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain Crude oil (vapour) ~ 40 Bitumen

  25. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain ~ 35 340oC Oil Crude oil (vapour) ~ 40 Bitumen

  26. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain ~ 20 250oC Diesel ~ 35 340oC Oil Crude oil (vapour) ~ 40 Bitumen

  27. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain 110oC-180oC Naphtha, Kerosine ~ 10-15 ~ 20 250oC Diesel ~ 35 340oC Oil Crude oil (vapour) ~ 40 Bitumen

  28. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain ~ 8 40oC Petrol 110oC-180oC Naphtha, Kerosine ~ 10-15 ~ 20 250oC Diesel ~ 35 340oC Oil Crude oil (vapour) ~ 40 Bitumen

  29. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain Refinery gas (bottled gas) ~ 3 ~ 8 40oC Petrol 110oC-180oC Naphtha, Kerosine ~ 10-15 ~ 20 250oC Diesel ~ 35 340oC Oil Crude oil (vapour) ~ 40 Bitumen

  30. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain Refinery gas (bottled gas) ~ 3 Crude oil provides the fuel for most modern transport ~ 8 40oC Petrol 110oC-180oC Naphtha, Kerosine ~ 10-15 ~ 20 250oC Diesel ~ 35 340oC Oil Crude oil (vapour) ~ 40 Bitumen

  31. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain Refinery gas (bottled gas) ~ 3 Crude oil provides the fuel for most modern transport ~ 8 40oC Petrol 110oC-180oC Naphtha, Kerosine ~ 10-15 It also provides the raw material for making various chemicals, including PLASTICS ~ 20 250oC Diesel ~ 35 340oC Oil Crude oil (vapour) ~ 40 Bitumen

  32. HYDROCARBONS

  33. HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules

  34. HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules As the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases

  35. HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules As the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases The BOILING POINT increases

  36. HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules As the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases The BOILING POINT increases It gets LESS FLAMMABLE (doesn’t set fire so easily)

  37. HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules As the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases The BOILING POINT increases It gets LESS FLAMMABLE (doesn’t set fire so easily) It gets MORE VISCOUS (doesn’t flow so easily)

  38. Cracking hydrocarbons

  39. Cracking hydrocarbons fractional distillation of crude oil produces more long-chain hydrocarbons than can be used directly and fewer short-chain hydrocarbons than required

  40. Cracking hydrocarbons This means that longer molecules such as diesel produced from fractional distribution are cracked into smaller molecules such as petrol and aviation fuel for which there is a greater demand.

  41. Cracking hydrocarbons More importantly, cracking produces chemicals such as ethene which are needed for making plastics

  42. Cracking hydrocarbons Petrol CRACKING Diesel Aviation fuel HEAT Ethene for plastics

  43. Cracking hydrocarbons Petrol THERMAL DECOMPOSITION CRACKING Diesel Aviation fuel HEAT Ethene for plastics

  44. Industrial Cracking Aluminium oxide (alumina) catalyst Vaporised kerosine Octane + Ethene

  45. Industrial Cracking Aluminium oxide (alumina) catalyst Vaporised kerosine Octane + Ethene Vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over a powdered catalyst (Al2O3) at between 400-700oC

  46. Industrial Cracking Aluminium oxide (alumina) catalyst Vaporised kerosine Octane + Ethene Vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over a powdered catalyst (Al2O3) at between 400-700oC The longer chain molecules ‘crack’ or split apart on the surface of the bits of catalyst

  47. Industrial Cracking Long chain hydrocarbon molecule Shorter alkane molecule, useful for petrol Useful for making plastics H H + C = C H H H H H H Kerosine (ten C atoms) C10H22 Octane (eight C atoms) C8H18 Ethene C2H4

  48. When fuels burn ……

  49. When fuels burn …… 1. Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon in oxygen eg. Methane + Oxygen  Carbon + Water dioxide CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

  50. When fuels burn …… 1. Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon in oxygen eg. Methane + Oxygen  Carbon + Water dioxide CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O All products are clean and non-poisonous. Gas room heaters will burn with a clean BLUE flame if the room is well ventilated and there’s plenty of oxygen.

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