MISSOURI KANSAS BORDER WAR 1854 TO 1860 The Beginning

1. MISSOURI KANSAS BORDER WAR1854 TO 1860The Beginning Gary C. Mitchell February 20, 2014

2. OUTLINE I PRE 1854 – THE BEGINNING II 1854 III 1855 IV 1856 V 1857 VI 1858 VII 1859 VIII 1860 IX 1861

3. PRE-1854

6. Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Missouri Compromise definition A settlement of a dispute between slave and free states, contained in several laws passed during 1820 and 1821. Northern legislators had tried to prohibit slavery in Missouri, which was then applying for statehood. The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery in territory that later became Kansas and Nebraska. In 1857, in the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court declared the compromise unconstitutional. An act of Congress (1820) by which Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′N, except for Missouri. • This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. It also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30´ latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory. • With the purchase of the Louisiana Territory and the application of Missouri for statehood, the long-standing balance between the number of slave states and the number of free states would be changed. Controversy arose within Congress over the issue of slavery. • Congress adopted this legislation and admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so that the balance between slave and free states in the nation would remain equal. The Missouri compromise also proposed that slavery be prohibited above the 36º 30´ latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory. This provision held for 34 years, until it was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.

7. MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820

8. Marion College, Palmyra, Missouri About the year 1829 Rev. Dr. David Nelson, a Presbyterian minister of distinction and Revolutionary war veteran, emigrated from Kentucky to Marion County, Missouri, and settled in what is now Union township, about thirteen miles northwest of Palmyra, Missouri. Not long after arriving Dr. Nelson conceived the idea of erecting a college in this part of Missouri for the education of young men for the ministry. This was to be accomplished by the manual labor system, each student working so many hours per day, to pay for his board and tuition. Application was made to the Missouri Legislature in the winter of 1830-31 for a college charter, which was granted January 15, 1831. The college itself was named Marion College. Perhaps the college would have flourished for an indefinite period of time, but for the opinions of Dr. Nelson and others connected with the institution on the subject of slavery. These opinions, of course, were unpopular in Missouri, and becoming known excited great hostility against their holders, and an animosity against the college with which they were connected. REV. DR. DAVID NELSON

9. Some authorities say that an Anti-Slavery society was established in Quincy in 1836, and some say it was in 1837. From all the above, I would judge there was such a society here in 1836. Whenever it was established Dr. Nelson, who had escaped Missouri to here, was a member of it, if not the moving spirit.

10. Adelphia Theopolis Mission Institute On the 30th day of October, 1838, Dr. Nelson and wife conveyed eighty acres off the north end of the above land to Asa Turner, Jr., in trust for use and benefit of Adelphia Theopolis Mission Institute Number First. The declaration of trust reads: “Believing that some more efficient and less expensive way ought to be adopted to supply the world with an educated Ministry of the Gospel than our common colleges and seminaries do at present afford, etc. Mr. Turner interpreted the lawyer's phraseology in this deed to mean that there was to be no tuition and that teachers were to support their families by labor, the students working for them portions of their time. Mrs. Laura E. Cragin, Dr. Nelson's granddaughter, thinks that there was a chapel and some twenty small log cabins built out there for the students. According to Mr. Turner, Dr. Nelson would go to the timber with the students, and when tired with work would sit down on a log and write his " Cause and Cure." It was finished there under the shade of four large oaks. "When men are thinking intensely on one ideal others grow up around it," says the Centennial History of Illinois. "Thus in 1839 a peace society at Mission Institute near Quincy adopted a resolution declaring that wars promoted for the glory of rulers were paid for by their subjects."

11. WILMOT PROVISO Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to prohibit slavery in the territory acquired by the United States at the conclusion of the Mexican War. In 1846, David Wilmot a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, proposed the Wilmot Proviso. He attached the proviso to an appropriations bill to pay Mexico for land that the United States had seized as a result of the Mexican War. The Wilmot Proviso would have prevented slavery's expansion into any of this new territory. The House of Representatives approved the appropriations bill and the proviso on August 8, 1846, but the Senate adjourned before it could debate the bill. The House adopted the bill and the proviso in its next session. On February 1, 1847, the Senate approved the bill but rejected the proviso. As a result, the proviso never went into effect.

12. United States in 1846

13. U.S. in 1848

14. Compromise of 1850 • Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico, over which it had threatened war, as well as its claims north of the Missouri Compromise Line, transferred its crushing public debt to the federal government, and retained the control over El Paso that it had established earlier in 1850, with the Texas Panhandle (which earlier compromise proposals had detached from Texas) thrown in at the last moment. • California’s application for admission as a free state with its current boundaries was approved but a Southern proposal to split California at parallel 35o north to provide a Southern territory was not approved. • The South avoided adoption of the symbolically significant Wilmot Proviso and the new New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory could in principle decide in the future to become slave states (popular sovereignty), even though Utah and a northern fringe of New Mexico were north of the Missouri Compromise Line where slavery had previously been banned in territories. In practice, these lands were generally unsuited to plantation agriculture and their existing settlers were non-Southerners uninterested in slavery. The unsettled southern parts of New Mexico Territory, where Southern hopes for expansion had been centered, remained a part of New Mexico instead of becoming a separate territory. • The slave trade was banned in Washington D.C. 5. The most concrete Southern gains were a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, the enforcement of which outraged Northern public opinion, and preservation of slavery (but not the slave trade) in the national capital.

15. U.S. in 1850

16. 1854

17. Formation of the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company-March, 1854 Eli Thayer of Massachusetts devised a plan to prevent slavery from spreading to Kansas. He believed that if enough antislavery supporters settled in the territory, they could capture the vote and make Kansas a free state. One month before the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law, Thayer and other prestigious New England businessmen incorporated the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company. The Company's charter was approved by the Massachusetts Legislature for up to $5,000,000 in capital. One year later it reorganized as the New England Emigrant Aid Company (NEEAC). The company's goals were profit-driven as well as politically motivated. It wanted to secure low-cost transportation for emigrants, build mills, and provide temporary housing for settlers when they reached Kansas Territory. A newspaper would promote the good morals the company wished to spread throughout the territory. Plan to transport 20,000 people from Massachusetts. and 40,000 foreigners to Kansas/ year These morals did not include supporting slavery. NEEAC secretary Thomas Webb wrote in an 1855 pamphlet that although individuals in the emigrant parties were not required to vote against slavery in Kansas Territory, it was assumed they would.

18. Three prominent activists in the New England Aid Society SAMUEL CHARLES POMEROY1816-1891. Financial agent of the New England Emigrant Aid Soc., moved to Kansas in 1854 and settled in Lawrence CHARLES ROBINSON1818-1894. In June 1854, Robinson went to Kansas as confidential agent of the New England Aid Society and settled in Lawrence. ELI THAYER 1819-1899. Began society in 1854, Founded Oread Institute for women in 1849 in Worcester, Mass.

19. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854-President Pierce signed the bill into law on May 30. It created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands for settlement, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allowed white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. Stephens felt that the Missouri Compromise had never been a true compromise but had been imposed on the South. He argued that the issue was whether republican principles—"that the citizens of every distinct community or State should have the right to govern themselves in their domestic matters as they please"—would be honored. President Franklin Pierce Alexander Stephens from Georgia The Pierce administration made it clear to all Democrats that passage of the bill was essential to the party. Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri was among those speaking forcibly against the measure. Thomas Hart Benton

21. FIRST HOUSE IN LAWRENCE, KANSAS TERRITORY William H. R. Lykins A view of people standing before the William H. R. Lykins house in Lawrence, Kansas Territory. This probably is the second house built by Lykins on the future site of Lawrence. He settled in the area on May 26, 1854, many weeks before the first Emigrant Aid Society party arrived. Lykins built one house northwest of the present-day Lawrence in May, 1854. In August, 1854, he built a second house near the future site of the Emigrant Aid Company's sawmill on the south bank of the Kansas River.

22. First Emigrant Aid Society Party of 29 settlers arrives on the banks of the Kaw River, Kansas Territory, Aug. 1, 1854 The first house built in Lawrence, a log cabin, belonging to Clark Stearns (also known as Charles Stearns). Lawrence, Kansas Territory, 1854-1855 This black and white drawing shows an early illustration of Lawrence, Kansas, looking north with the Kansas River in the distance. The sketch also includes several homes and business that were in existence during the town's early beginnings. In the lower portion of the image, a description is provided identifying the prominent places within the community

23. 1854 ELECTION-Nov. 29, 1854 • Results: Whitfield 2,238 Pro-slavery Wakefield 248 Freesoiler Flenneken 305 Democrat According to Abolitionist Charles Robinson, 1,114 votes were illegal. If all illegal votes were pro-slavery, Whitfield would have still won, 561 to 248 to 305.

24. 1855

25. Lawrence Association • "The Lawrence Association," formed by the Emigrant Aid Company colonists. It had the appearance of a general squatters association rather than a town company. Charles Robinson was elected president of this Lawrence Association. [13] • The "Recollections of 1854" of Joseph Savage, published in 1870, described the formation of the Lawrence Association September 18, 1855 adding explanations that were not explicit in the constitution: • Seventy-nine members were that day enrolled on the books of the Lawrence association, as entitled to equal shares in the lots of the city. Anyone present that day could, by registering his name, have become a member of the association, and our titles to city lots still date back to this time. • After that time no one could become a member without buying his right, or being voted into the association as a member.

26. Abolitionist, minister, Atchison County pioneer.1816-1888 The Reverend Pardee Butler came to Kansas Territory from Illinois in the spring of 1855. After building a log cabin on the land, Butler traveled to Atchison. He intended to board a steamboat to Illinois to bring his family to Kansas. On August 17, 1855, while waiting to board the boat, Butler expressed his antislavery views. Later that evening, he was confronted by a group of men who tried to get him to sign a statement in support of slavery. When Butler refused, he was dragged to the Missouri River where the group threatened to drown or hang him. Instead of actually committing the act of murder themselves, the mob decided to set him adrift on the river, believing he would not survive the ride. few logs were lashed together, and an "R" for "rogue" was painted on Butler's forehead. A banner was attached to a branch on one of the logs, declaring "Greeley to the Rescue" (a reference to Horace Greeley, the anti-slavery editor of the New York Tribune). The banner also declared Butler to be an agent for the Underground Railroad. After he was set adrift, Butler used a penknife to cut off the branch and use it as an oar. He managed to dock on the Kansas side of the river a few miles below Atchison and, eventually, made his way to Illinois as planned.

27. The banner attached to Butler’s raft "Greely to the rescue - I have a nigger." "Rev. Mr. Butler agent for the underground Railroad."

28. James H. Lane James H. Lane was born in  Lawrenceburg, Indiana on June 22, 1814. in 1855 moved to Lawrence, Kansas Territory. Lane organized the defense of Lawrence during the so-called “Wakarusa War” in December, 1855. He was often described as quarrelsome, belligerent, and unbalanced – often committing acts that were very atrocious.

29. WAKARUSA WAR, DEC., 1855 • The Wakarusa War was a skirmish that took place in Kansas Territory during November and December 1855. It centered around Lawrence, Kansas, and the Wakarusa River Valley. The events that led to the Wakarusa War began on November 21, 1855, when a Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot and killed by pro- slavery settler Franklin N. Coleman. Violent reprisals on both sides led to escalating tension. On December 1, 1855 a small army of Missourians, acting under the command of Douglas County, Kansas Sheriff Samuel J. Jones, entered Kansas and laid siege to Lawrence. Two men were able to get out of the Lawrence settlement and reach Governor Shannon and persuade him to come to Lawrence. He arranged a treaty and dispersed the proslavery group, thus ending the Wakarusa War in December 1855.

30. 1856

31. Wakarusa War (Nov. - Dec. 1855)Sack of Lawrence (May 21, 1856)Pottawatomie Massacre (May 24, 1856)Battle of Black Jack (June 2, 1856)Battle of Franklin (June 4-5, 1856)Dispersal of Topeka Legislature (July 4, 1856)Battle of Fort Titus (Aug. 16, 1856)Battle of Osawatomie (Aug. 30, 1856)Battle of Hickory Point (Sept. 13, 1856)Marais de Cygnes Massacre (May 19, 1858)Battle of the Spurs (January 31, 1859)Dr. John Doy trial (March 4, 1859)John Ritchie kills Leonard Arms, (Apr. 20, 1860)Morgan Walker raid (Dec. 1860)

32. Lawrence, Kansas in 1856

33. Fort Lane on Mt. Oread, Lawrence, Kansas This unofficial fort was established in 1856 and was a stronghold for the free-state men of Kansas during the Kansas-Missouri Border War. Named for James H. Lane

34. The Free State Hotel at Lawrence, destroyed by proslavery forces, May 21, 1856

35. May 24, 1856 John Brown slaughters 5 pro-slavery men at Pottawatomie Creek JOHN BROWN John Brown about. 1856

36. The Pottawatomie Massacre On the night of May 24, 1856, John Brown and his company of Free State volunteers murdered five men settled along the Pottawatomie Creek in southeastern Kansas. The victims were prominently associated with the pro-slavery Law and Order Party, but were not themselves slave owners. This assault occurred three days after Border Ruffians from Missouri burned and pillaged the anti-slavery haven of Lawrence, and two days after Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner was severely beaten by Senator Preston Brooks of South Carolina. The action on the 24th occurred at three different houses: At the Doyle farm, James and two of his sons, William and Drury, were dragged outside and hacked up with short, heavy sabers donated to Brown in Akron, Ohio. Mrs. Doyle, a daughter, and fourteen year old John were spared. The gang then moved on to Allen Wilkinson's place. He was 'taken prisoner' amid the cries of a sick wife and two children. Two saddles and a rifle were apparently confiscated. The third house visited that night was owned by James Harris. In addition to his wife and young child, Harris had three other men sleeping there. Only one of them, William Sherman, was executed.

37. U. S. in 1858

38. SLAVE AND FREE STATES IN 1858

39. Marais de Cygnes massacre, May 19, 1858, of five free-soilers by Capt. Charles Hamilton and his band of Missourians. This is considered the last significant act of violence in Bleeding Kansas prior to the outbreak of the War Between the States.

40. U. S. in 1859

41. Dr. John Doy lived in Lawrence, Kansas. He left with his son (Charles), and set out to rescue thirteen slaves and take them across into Nebraska territory on January 25, 1859. They were captured twelve miles outside of Lawrence, and were taken to St. Joseph Missouri to be put on trial. Charles was cleared of all charges, but his father was not so lucky. He was sentence to five years in Missouri State’s penitentiary. Dr. Doy was freed by ten of his friends led by Major James Abbott on September 23, 1859. Among his rescuers included Joshua A. Pike who was part of a plot to rescue John Brown at Harper’s Ferry. Surrounding John Doy (seated) - The "Terrible Ten"L-R - James B. Abbott, Joshua A. Pike, Jacob Senix, Joseph Gardner, Thomas Simmons, S.J. Willis, Charles Doy (son), John E. Stewart, Silas Soule and George Hay.

42. Primary area of slave holding Most slavery was along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and in the northern glaciated flatlands.

43. TOTAL SLAVEHOLDERS    TOTAL SLAVES Ave./Slave Holder 24,320                           114,931 ~5 Most slavery was along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and in the northern glaciated flatlands. Southern extent of glaciation Missouri River Edge of Ozark Uplift

44. U. S. in January, 1861

45. U. S. in April, 1861

46. U. S. in August, 1861

47. REFERENCES • Kansas Memory, Primary sources online from the Kansas Historical Society, http://www.kansasmemory.org/