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1. Benefit of Direct-Attach-Cables

2. What is Direct-Attach-Cables DAC cables are made from twinax copper and are factory terminated with modules that provide an electrical connection directly into active equipment. The modules cannot be removed from the cable and so all DAC cables are a fixed length. This is one of the drawbacks of using DAC cables compared to using a combination of fibre cables and optical transceivers. There are different types of high speed DAC cables; direct and breakout, passive and active. A direct connect DAC cable will connect one port/line card to another. A breakout DAC cable will allow one port to be connected to up to 4 other ports. An active DAC cable will offer slightly longer transmission distance than a passive DAC cable as it uses electronics within the modules at each end to boost the signals.

3. There are three common types of direct attach cables: • Passive DAC - Direct Attach Copper • Active DAC - Active Direct Attach Copper • AOC - Active Optical Cable

4. Used For and How? Transmission Distance They can only be used where the physical distance between these ports is small – less than 15m. However, the maximum distance a signal can be transmitted via a DAC cable changes depending on the data rate. As data rates get higher, from 10G to 40G and then to 100G the distance gets smaller and smaller. A 100G DAC can only transmit up to 5m. Costs Using a DAC cable will always be more cost effective than using two optical transceivers and a fibre cable. Again the cost savings will depend on the data rate being transmitted, but it is not unusual for them to be 2 or 3 times cheaper. Where their use is permitted by distance, deploying large amounts of DAC cables can lead to a considerable cost saving. Reliability DAC cables are extremely dependable. The modules that plug directly into the equipment ports make a physical electrical contact which ensures a solid connection. The cables are made from 26 to 28 AWG twinax copper and so are physically strong and so are unlikely to be damaged by handling. Both these factors means that it possible for connections to be made swiftly, reliably and affordably in all kinds of applications.

5. Advantages of Using High Speed Direct Attach Cable • Lower Price - Direct attach cables are less costly than using discreet transceivers with field-connected structure cabling, because the interconnection is simplified. There aren’t as many connectors, adapters, patch panels, and other infrastructure elements along the path of communication channel. Lower Power Consumption - Particularly with passive DAC cables, power consumption is less when compared to the use of transceivers because they are “self contained” components and not bound by transmission specifications as transceivers. For example, transceivers designed to work with copper twisted pair structured cabling must have a maximum reach of 100m whereas an active DAC only needs to reach a maximum of 15m. As a result, the required internal circuitry and signal power can be simplified and reduced. • Factory Terminated Performance - DACs and AOCs are terminated and 100% tested at the factory. This provides consistent and expected transmission performance levels for the channel

6. Disadvantages of Using High Speed Direct Attach Cable • Reduced Cable Flexibility - Passive and active copper DACs have a larger bend radius and weight than traditional structured cabling or AOCs, which can sometimes place additional demands on the cable management and airflow management within a rack or cabinet. • Reduced Modularity - Structured cabling provides improved modularity through the use of patch panels and other components to make moves, adds and changes quicker and easier. DACs and AOCs are point-to-point cabling that require some additional labor since they need to be completely pulled out of racks, cable managers, cable tray, and other infrastructure elements. • Limited Distance - Transceivers and structured cabling are designed to work together in a universal and cohesive system. Therefore, pluggable transceivers are required to reach 100m or beyond, while DACs and AOCs are not.

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