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Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases

MATTER. Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases. I. States of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory Four States of Matter Thermal Expansion. A. Kinetic Molecular Theory. KMT Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all matter.

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Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases

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  1. MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory Four States of Matter Thermal Expansion

  2. A. Kinetic Molecular Theory • KMT • Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all matter. • The kinetic energy (motion) of these particles increases as temperature increases.

  3. B. Four States of Matter • Solids • low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around • definite shape & volume • crystalline - repeating geometric pattern • amorphous - no pattern (e.g. glass, wax)

  4. B. Four States of Matter • Liquids • higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together • indefinite shape • definite volume

  5. B. Four States of Matter • Gases • high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container • indefinite shape & volume

  6. B. Four States of Matter • Plasma • very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) • gas-like, indefiniteshape & volume • stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, TV tubes

  7. C. Thermal Expansion • Most matter expands when heated & contracts when cooled. •  Temp causes  KE. Particles collide with more force & spread out. • EX: thermostats (bimetallic strip)

  8. MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases II. Changes in State Phase Changes Heating Curves

  9. A. Phase Changes • Melting • solid to liquid • Freezing • liquid to solid melting point = freezing point

  10. A. Phase Changes • Vaporization (boiling) • liquid to gas at the boiling point • Evaporation • liquid to gas below the boiling point • Condensation • gas to liquid

  11. A. Phase Changes • Sublimation • solid to gas • EX: dry ice, freeze drying, iodine

  12. A. Phase Changes

  13. B. Heating Curves • Kinetic Energy • motion of particles • related to temperature • Potential Energy • space between particles • related to phase changes

  14. Gas - KE  Boiling - PE  Liquid - KE  Melting - PE  Solid - KE  B. Heating Curves

  15. B. Heating Curves • Heat of Fusion • energy required to change from solid to liquid • some attractive forces are broken

  16. B. Heating Curves • Heat of Vaporization • energy required to change from liquid to gas • all attractive forces are broken • EX: steam burns, sweating, and… the drinking bird HEATING CURVE

  17. MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases III. Behavior of Gases Pressure Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law

  18. A. Pressure Which shoes create the most pressure?

  19. A. Pressure • Key Units at Sea Level 101.325 kPa (kilopascal) 1 atm 760 mm Hg 14.7 psi

  20. Atmospheric Pressure Contained Pressure Manometer Barometer A. Pressure

  21. A. Pressure • Effect on Boiling Point • When atmospheric pressure increases, the boiling point of a liquid increases. • EX: high altitude cooking, boiling cold water

  22. P V B. Boyle’s Law • When the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases (at constant temp). PV = k INVERSE

  23. B. Boyle’s Law

  24. V T C. Charles’ Law • When the temperature of a gas increases, its volume also increases (at constant pressure). DIRECT

  25. C. Charles’ Law

  26. C. Charles’ Law • Absolute Zero - Temp at which... • the volume of a gas would equal zero. • all particle motion would stop. -273°C or 0 K

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