Economics and International Cooperation in Achieving Sustainability

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2. Resources Chapter Presentation Image and Activity Bank Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

3. Economics, Policy, and the Future Chapter 21 Table of Contents Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Section 3 The Importance of the Individual

4. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Objectives • Describesome of the challenges to achieving sustainability. • Describeseveral major international meetings and agreements relating to the environment. • Explainhow economics and environmental science are related. • Comparetwo ways that governments influence economics. • Givean example of a private effort to address environmental problems.

5. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 International Development and Cooperation • Sustainability is the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely. • We live in a time of globalization, when environmental and social conditions are linked across political borders worldwide. • Increasingly, governments, organizations, and business around the world have a need to work together.

6. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 International Development and Cooperation • People debate about whether current levels of population growth and resource use are sustainable, and who is responsible for environmental problems. • Scientists do not agree on how humans are affecting the planet’s ecosystems. • People worldwide are worried about running short of resources such as fertile soil and fresh water.

7. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Sustainable Development • Many meetings and agreements among international governments have dealt with environmental concerns along with economic and political concerns. • The Earth Summit of 1992, for example, was a sign of new levels of international environmental awareness and cooperation.

8. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Climate and Atmosphere • International organizations and agreements related to climate and the atmosphere also exist. • The Kyoto Protocol, for example, attempts to avoid or slow down global warming by reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. • The United States did not sign this particular treaty mainly because it would be costly to implement and that is does not guarantee a stable climate.

9. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 International Cooperation

10. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Other Agreements

11. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Economics and the Environment • Economicsis the study of how individuals and groups make decisions about the production, distribution, and consumption of limited resources as they attempt to fulfill their needs and wants. • Economists say that an economic system is successful when there is an increase in the flow of money and products within a market. • Economies, however, draw resources from the environment and may return waste or cause damage. • Economic systems are, in fact, contained within and dependent upon the environment.

12. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Economics and the Environment • Economists see environmental problems as market failures. The market has failed if the price of something does not reflect its true cost. • For example, the price of gasoline does not reflect the expenses caused by auto emissions, such as that of the illnesses caused by air pollution, which cost society billions of dollars a year. • In a balanced economic system, the price of gasoline should reflect these costs.

13. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Economics and the Environment A complete economic model shows that economic systems operate within natural systems.

14. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Regulation and Economic Incentives • The government has tried many ways to regulate environmental damage such as pollution. • Governments may also create economic incentives by paying out money for actions that benefit society.

15. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Regulation and Economic Incentives • Governments may also punishing people with fines and sentences for actions that harm the environment. • However, regulations are criticized when they are difficult to enforce, do not distribute costs evenly, or do not control environmental damage.

16. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Private Efforts • Businesses and private organizations also play a role in addressing environmental problems. • Businesses may donate land for parks or preserves, donate money to environmental causes, or recycle their wastes. • Private organizations often cooperate with each other and with governments to conduct research or create plans for environmental management.

17. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Private Efforts • Nonprofit organizations, such as the Nature Conservancy, use a simple economic strategy of collecting donations to purchase land to preserve ecosystems. • This group has created preserves in all 50 states and in 28 other countries.

18. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Objectives • Describetwo major developments in U.S. environmental history. • Giveexamples of three federal agencies that have environmental responsibilities. • Explainthe purpose of Environmental Impact Statements. • Givean example of how citizens can affect environmental policy at each level of government—local, state, and national. • Evaluatethe media as a source of information about the environment.

19. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 History of U.S. Environmental Policy • During the 1800s, people in the United States made use of the country’s vast resources by turning prairies into cropland, cutting down ancient forests, and hunting several species of animals to extinction. • By the 1900s, however, citizens began to realize the consequences of these actions and their attitudes began to change.

20. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 History of U.S. Environmental Policy • Leaders such as President Theodore Roosevelt and conservationist John Muir called for increased protection and management of the nation’s resources. • Many national forests and parks, and agencies to manage them, were established around the early 1900s.

21. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Environmental Agencies and Laws • Throughout the 1900s, U.S. citizens became more aware of environmental problems. • The first Earth Day, celebrated around the world in 1970, was a sign of widespread environmental awareness. • In the same year, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created. • U.S. lawmakers have created many policies and federal agencies to manage environmental affairs.

22. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Environmental Agencies and Laws

23. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Environmental Impact Statements • An Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) is an assessment of the effect of a proposed project of law on the environment. • Proposals for the construction of dams, highways, airports, and other projects that the federal government controls or funds must be evaluated with an EIS.

24. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Environmental Impact Statements • An EIS states the need for a project, its impact on the environment, and how any negative impact can be minimized. • Although public comment rarely stops a project, the public can comment on an EIS. • The feedback, however, may cause changes in the project’s plans. • Federal agencies may also conduct an EIS when they plan changes in the regulation of public resources.

25. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Unfunded Mandates and Economic Impacts • In 1995, Congress passed a law to prevent unfunded mandates, which are federal regulations that do not provide funds for state or local governments to implement the regulations. • These limits reduce the federal government’s power to pass environmental laws.

26. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Unfunded Mandates and Economic Impacts • The federal government must now provide funding for any new laws that will cost more than 50 million dollars to implement. • Another limit placed on federal agencies requires them to evaluate both the economic and environmental impacts of their policies.

27. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Influencing Environmental Policy • You can have more influence on environmental policy than you may realize. • For example, as a citizen, you can contact your elected representatives to tell them your opinion on issues. • There are also many other ways that consumers, businesses, the media, and organizations can influence policy at all levels of government.

28. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Local Governments • Local government is more responsive to citizen input than state or federal government is. • Local governments can decide: • how land may be used and developed, • where businesses and housing may be located, • create plans for public facilities, for waste disposal and recycling, • and for many other facets of local life.

29. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 State Governments • Individual states are usually free to create laws with higher standards than the minimum standards set by the federal government. • For example, California’s vehicle emission standards are higher than the federal standards because the state wants to control its problems with air pollution caused by traffic. • States have a lot of independent control over how to implement laws and manage public resources.

30. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Lobbying • Lobbyingis an organized attempt to influence the decisions of lawmakers. • Both environmental and industry groups hire lobbyists to provide information to lawmakers and urge them to vote a certain way. • Lawmakers are heavily influenced by lobbying on many sides of issues. • One way to influence policy is to support an organization that lobbies for the policies you agree with.

31. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 The Media and Sources of Information • The media, especially television news, is the main source of information about environmental topics for most of us. • If you want to understand environmental problems, you will want to find information from sources other than popular media. • Many other sources are available, and you should evaluate all sources for bias and accuracy.

32. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Objectives • Giveexamples of individuals who have influenced environmental history. • Identifyways in which the choices that you make as an individual may affect the environment.

33. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Influential Individuals • Some of the individuals have managed to influence our thinking about the environment in the United States. • These people are famous because they brought attention to problems or convinced many people to think about new ideas. • Some of them wrote books that inspired people to think about environmental problems in a new way.

34. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Influential Individuals

35. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 The 1960’s Decade • During the 1960’s, environmental issues became widely known. • Biologists such as Paul Ehrlich, Barry Commoner, Rachel Carson, and Garrett Hardin drew public attention to environmental problems such as pollution, rapid population growth, and resource depletion.

36. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 The 1960’s Decade • Rachel Carson helped contribute to the Wilderness Act with her influential book, Silent Spring. • This book argued that many public lands and resources were not adequately protected. • The Wilderness Act allowed the government to designate some federal lands as wilderness areas to be used only for low-impact recreation.

37. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Rising Awareness • Also in the 1960’s, several environmental disasters made headlines and helped raise public awareness. • Eventually, pressure from the public led to new laws and efforts to reduce environmental damage. • The first Earth Day, in 1970, was a historic demonstration of public concern for environmental issues.

38. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Voting • One of the most important decisions you may make is in the act of voting. The people we elect will make decisions that affect our environmental future. • The candidates stance on environmental issues can be researched through the media, voter organizations, and Web sites. • Another way to take action on environmental problems is to join a group of people who share your concerns and interests.

39. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Weighing the Evidence • We have the responsibility to educate ourselves as we make decisions that affect the world around us. • Do not be misled by information that may look convincing but that has no supporting evidence. • A popular environmental slogan is to “think globally, act locally.” This slogan reminds us that our everyday actions have broader effects.

40. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Consumer Choices • Another environmental slogan you may have heard is “reduce, reuse, recycle.” • As consumers, we can reduce the amount of things we buy and use, we can reuse things that are often used only once, and we can recycle many materials. • As a consumer, you may choose to buy products that are produced sustainably or that do less damage to the environment.

41. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Applying Your Knowledge • As you learn more about environmental science, you’ll be prepared to make decisions that guarantee that your impact on the environment will be a positive one.

42. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Bellringer

43. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Major International Environmental Agreements

44. Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21 Economic Systems Within the Biosphere

45. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 Bellringer

46. Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21 U.S. Agencies and Environmental Laws

47. Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21 Bellringer

48. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21 Multiple Choice • If you wanted to buy stock in a company with a sustainability policy, what would you look for? • You would look for a company that uses offshore labor. • You would look for a company that uses renewable resources. • You would look for a company that offers high quality products. • You would look for a company that has implemented a global marketing strategy.

49. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21 Multiple Choice • If you wanted to buy stock in a company with a sustainability policy, what would you look for? • You would look for a company that uses offshore labor. • You would look for a company that uses renewable resources. • You would look for a company that offers high quality products. • You would look for a company that has implemented a global marketing strategy.

50. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21 Multiple Choice, continued • What kind of information is contained in an Environmental Impact Statement? • An Environmental Impact Statement contains public comment on the proposed project. • An Environmental Impact Statement tells where funds for the project are coming from. • An Environmental Impact Statement predicts the project’s expected impact on the environment. • An Environmental Impact Statement contains the total price of all construction materials and labor.