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The League of Nations:

The League of Nations: . The Mandates. What were Mandates?.

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The League of Nations:

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  1. The League of Nations: The Mandates

  2. What were Mandates? • A League of Nations mandate refers to a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I, or the legal instruments that contained the terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League. • The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, entered into on 28 June 1919.

  3. What were Mandates? • All the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I, principally Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire. • The process of establishing the mandates consisted of two phases: • the formal removal of sovereignty of the previously controlling states • the transfer of mandatory powers to individual states among the Allied Powers. • The idea was that these countries would be prepared for independence.

  4. Controversy Surrounding the Mandates: • The League was not yet operational when the mandates were allocated. As a result, the League had to manage the situation that it was given. • In testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations a former US State Department official who had been a member of the American Commission at Paris, testified that England and France had simply gone ahead and arranged the world to suit themselves. He pointed out that the League of Nations could do nothing to alter their arrangements, since the League could only act by unanimous consent of its members - including England and France. • The US Senate refused to ratify the Covenant of the League of Nations. The legal issues surrounding the rule by force and the lack of self-determination under the system of mandates were cited by the Senators who withheld their consent

  5. The Territories of the Ottoman empire

  6. The Territories of Germany (Africa) French Mandate of Syria French Mandate of Lebanon British Mandate of Palestine British Mandate of Transjordan British Mandate of Iraq British Togoland French Togoland British Cameroon French Cameroon Ruanda-Urundi (Belgium) Tanganyika (Britain) South-West Africa (South Africa)

  7. The Territories of Germany (Pacific) • Japan took Shantung as a colony. Japanese Mandate of the Pacific Islands Australian Mandate of New Guinea British Mandate of Nauru New Zealand's mandate of Western Samoa

  8. What Happened to The Mandates? • After World War most of the mandates became UN trusteeships, similar to mandates, and worked towards independence. • German South West Africa (Namibia) was the exception.

  9. What Happened to The Mandates? • the League of Nations granted Britain the British Mandate of Palestine after World War I, with responsibility for establishing "...such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home, as laid down in the preamble, and the development of self-governing institutions, and also for safeguarding the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race and religion…” • In November 1947 United Nations decided on partition of Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab state, and a UN-administered Jerusalem. • Partition was accepted by Zionist leaders but rejected by Arab leaders leading to the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. • Israel declared independence on May 14, 1948 and neighboring Arab states attacked the next day.

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