Cardiology

1. Cardiology Cardiovascular System

2. Cardiology • Medical specialty that: • Studies the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system • Uses diagnostic tests, medical/surgical procedures, and drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases. What’s is it? • a circular body system that moves throughout the body, carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. What is included? • the heart and blood vessels

3. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy • Anatomy Heart- Location- between the lungs, in the mediastinum. Most (2/3) of it is situated to the left of the midline Protected by the vertebral column and the sternum (good for CPR) Held in place and enclosed by the pericardium (U-shaped 2 layer sac) Visceral- next to the surface of the heart Parietal- outermost layer Between the 2 layers is the pericardial fluid (pericardial cavity)- allows the two layers to slide by each other when the heart contracts Pericarditis- bleeding in the pericardial cavity that compresses the heart.

4. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy • Anatomy Muscle layers of the heart: Endocardium- Innermost layer- lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves Also extends into the blood vessels- (known as endothelium or intima) 2. Myocardium- Muscular layer of the heart 2 step process to pump blood: Muscle contracts around atria forcing blood into ventricles Muscle contracts around ventricles to force blood into pulmonary trunk and arteries (into lungs) from the right ventricle. From the left ventricle, blood enters aorta to the whole body Pericardium- Tell me about it….previous slide

5. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy • Anatomy Chambers of the heart: Each side has an atrium(top) Rt. Atrium receives blood from inferior/ superior vena cava, and coronary sinus (collects deoxygenated blood from myocardium) Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve Lt. Atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins Blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the bicuspid (mitral) valve Each side has a ventricle (bottom) The right ventricle forms most of the anterior surface of the heart. Blood passes from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonary valve Left ventricle forms the apex of the heart Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aorticvalveinto the aorta Septum divides left/ right sides Inferior tip of heart is the Apex

6. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy • Anatomy Valves- 4 of them: Tricuspid- 3 pointed cusps Opens as rt. atrium contracts- allowing blood to flow to rt. Ventricle Then closes to prevent back flow 2. Pulmonary valve- Opens as Rt. Ventricle contracts Blood flows to pulmonary trunk and arteries Then closes to prevent back flow 3. Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)- 2 pointed cusps Opens as the left atrium contracts- allowing blood to flow to left ventricle Aortic Valve- Opens as left ventricle contracts, allowing blood to flow into aorta Closes to prevent back flow. Chordae Tendineae- connected to the cusps of the valves and muscles of ventricles Muscles contract when ventricles contract- pulling on chordae tendineae Stabilizes the cusps and helps keep them sealed to prevent back flow into atria

7. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Blood Vessels: Form a closed system of tubes that carry blood away from the heart transport it to the tissues of the body then return it to the heart. Arteries- carry blood from the heart to the tissues. Arterioles - are small arteries that connect to capillaries. Capillaries - the site of substance exchange between the blood and body tissues. Venules- connect capillaries to larger veins. Veins- carry blood from the tissues back to the heart. 6. Vasa vasorum are small blood vessels that supply blood to the cells of the walls of the arteries and veins.

8. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Blood Vessels: Arteries- Carry bright red blood (+ oxygen) Pulmonary artery dark (picks up oxygen from lungs) Most are deep below skin- except a few that are near surface- can take pulse in those. Contain smooth muscle- Smooth muscle constriction-(vasoconstriction)- lumen decreases in sizes, blood pressure rises in artery Smooth muscle relaxes- (vasodilation)- lumen increases, blood pressure in artery decreases

9. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Blood Vessels: Arterioles- Small arteries that connect to capillaries Carry oxygen rich blood Capillaries- Smallest blood vessel in the body Connection between arteries and veins Gas exchange occurs here (what gas(es)? Venules- Connect capillaries to larger veins Carry de-oygenated blood arteriole venule

10. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Blood Vessels: Veins- Carry dark purple, de-oxygenated blood from body, back to heart Exception: pulmonary veins- carry bright red, oxygenated blood from lungs to heart Large veins have valves that allow blood to flow one way- back to heart Weak valves can lead to varicose veins Many near skin surface seen as blue, bulging lines just under the surface

11. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Blood Vessels: Aorta- Largest artery in the body Receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle Ascending Aorta travels in a superior direction from the heart Coronary arteries branch off of the ascending aorta Before oxygen rich blood goes to the rest of the body, it is delivered to the heart first, via the coronary arteries Most important to maintain the life of the heart.

12. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Blood Vessels: Aorta and arteries- Ascending Aorta travels in a superior direction from the heart Becomes aortic arch and branches into 3 major arteries: Brachiocephaic trunk- goes to right common carotid artery and subclavian artery Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Carotid arteries- take blood to neck, face, head and brain Subclavian arteries- take blood to shoulders Coronary arteries branch off of the ascending aorta Before oxygen rich blood goes to the rest of the body, it is delivered to the heart first, via the coronary arteries Most important to maintain the life of the heart.

13. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Blood Vessels: Aorta and arteries- Axillary artery-in the armpit area and branches into the brachial artery Brachial artery- delivers oxygen to the upper arm Radial artery and the ulnar artery- delivers blood to the lower arm and branch into the hands. Thoracic Aorta and Arterial branches: Thoracic aorta- travels into the esophagus, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, upper spinal cord and back carrying oxygen rich blood.

14. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Blood Vessels: Abdominal aorta and Arterial Branches: Thoracic artery- travels through the diaphragm and becomes the abdominal aorta-oxygen rich blood is delivered to the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (which organs would those be?)-including testicles or ovaries… Iliac arteries- wishbone shape in pelvic cavity- brings oxygen to hips and groin. Femoral arteries- branch of iliac, and bring oxygen to the upper legs Popliteal artery-branches into the: Tibial artery- brings oxygen to front/back of the lower leg Peroneal artery- pinky toe side of the lower leg

15. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Pulmonary Arteries: Originate from the pulmonary trunk Pulmonary trunk comes from right ventricle- not aorta Iliac arteries- wishbone shape in pelvic cavity- brings oxygen to hips and groin. Vena Cava- 2 of them Superior Vena Cava: Carries blood from the head, neck, arms and chest to the right atrium Inferior Vena Cava: Carries blood from the rest of the body (except the lungs) to the right atrium Pulmonary Veins bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium Other:jugular vein from head to superior vena cava, portal vein from intestines to liver, and saphenous and femoral veins carry blood from leg to groin.

16. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Circulation: 3 steps Systemic circulation- Through veins-dark purple blood because of low levels of oxygen From upper body, blood travels through capillaries, venules, and veins into the superior vena cava From lower body travels through capillaries, venules, and veins into the inferior vena cava All of the blood travels through the rt. Atrium, through the tricuspid valve and into the rt. Ventricle. Pulmonary Circulation Through the pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, arterioles, and capillaries in the lungs In a capillary near the alveoli, picks up oxygen and becomes bright red in color Blood travels through left atrium from the pulmonary veins

17. Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy/ Physiology • Blood Vessels Circulation: 3 steps Systemic circulation through the arteries: From left atrium, blood travels through the mitral valve and left ventricle Blood then travels through aortic valve and the aorta Blood travels throughout the body through arteries and arterioles where capillaries deliver oxygenated blood. Oxygen is released and carbon dioxide is picked up Blood turns a deep, dark purple once again

18. Cardiovascular SystemPhysiology • Conduction system Conduction System Coordinates the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles Sinoatrial node (SA node) Pacemaker of the heart Posterior wall of the rt. Atrium Starts electrical impulse that contracts both atria at the same time. Antrioventricular(AV node) Rt. Atrium, near interatrial septum Receives and passes on the impulse to the Bundle of His Impulse then goes through right and left bundle branches into the Purkinje fibers Both ventricles contract at the same time. Systole- contraction Diastole- resting period between contractions

19. Cardiology • The human heart beats around 30 million times per year and 2.5 billion times during an average lifetime. • There are around 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body • Each day the human heart pumps around 2000 gallons of blood. • Make sure you look through pages 216- 252 in your book: • Vocab review • Diseases and conditions • Laboratoy and diagonstic procedures • Medical and surgical procedures • Drug categories!! • Might be on the test!!!