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The Evolution of Advanced β-Spectroscopy: A Journey Through Time

This document chronicles the development of advanced β-spectroscopy techniques from 1991 to 2010, highlighting pivotal projects like the TGV series, NEMO, and EDELWEISS. It covers the various stages of experimental setups, including detector innovations, sample preparations, and data analysis methodologies. Key milestones include the creation of high-efficiency detectors, participation in international collaborations, and groundbreaking discoveries in neutrino physics. The narrative detailed herein reflects collaboration across institutions and innovations that propelled the field forward.

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The Evolution of Advanced β-Spectroscopy: A Journey Through Time

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  1. V. Egorov

  2. JINR+LSM = V. Egorov

  3. The love story • 1991 Orsay S.Jullian and D.Lalanne proposed to bring our 2β-spectrometer to Modane • 1993 TGV

  4. TGV-1 (1994 – 2000) • Stack of 16 HPGe planar detectors58mm (sensitive area = 12 cm2) Total area of samples  100 cm2 • 7 samples of natCa • 8 samples of enriched 48Ca: 1.08 g  1.35•1022 atoms CaCO3 ( 41 mg/cm2 ) • NIM A372 (1996) 222 $ 250 000

  5. TGV-1 results T1/2 (22) = =(2.97.5)•1019 y T1/2 (20)   1.5•1021 y (90%CL) Zero

  6. The love story • 1994 We had produced one (of two) scintillator wall for the NEMO-2 Started to prepare NEMO-3

  7. Participation of JINR in NEMO-3 • 6 tons of plastic scintillator (both internal and external walls) • Big-dimensional Cu and Fe details of the sectors • Fe shielding • Enriched isotopes: 48Ca 96Zr 150Nd • Mounting, cabling, tuning, … • Software for the data analysis • Calibration, analysis

  8. The love story • 2000 Dramatic upgrade of TGV (TGV-2)

  9. TGV-2(2000 – …)

  10. TGV-2 (2000 – …) • Stack of 32 HPGe planar detectors60 mm (sensitive area : 20 cm2) Total area of samples : 330 cm2 Total mass of sample(s) : 10  20 g Total efficiency : 40  50 % E-resolution : 3  4 keV @ 60Co LE-threshold : 40  50 keV (5  6 keV) • 16 samples of 48Ca (10 g) : 20 g CaF2 + CH2 ( 60 mg / cm2 ) • 16 samples of 106Cd: 10 g Cd( 30 mg / cm2 )

  11. Nuclei - candidates T1/2(5-forbidden ) 0.187% 1.25% 2 X-rays Purification procedure (ion-exchange technique). 20 g of 48Ca have been purified: k (Co, Ra, Eu) = (1.310)•103

  12. The love story • 2005 E.Yakushev → EDELWEISS

  13. Participation of JINR in EDELWIESS-2 • Background environment control - Rn detector - Low-background n-detectors (internal background ≈ 0.4 counts per day) • Assembling, commissioning, running(calibrations, tests, etc) • Direct beta calibrations(MC and interpretation)

  14. The love story • 2005 Super-Heavy In Nature (SHIN) looking for multi-neutron events • 2010 eka-Os → eka-Xe

  15. The love story (be continued) • NEMO → SuperNEMO (+BiPo) calorimeter calibration system software

  16. The love story (be continued) • TGV 2010: finish 2EC of 106Cd Search for Solar Axion with 57Fe • Low-threshold Ge detectors (coherent -e scattering, NMM, etc.) 2.9 – 3.0 keV threshold is not enough low… 250 g ~400 eV (→250 eV) 450 g stack Σ10 kg (TGV cryostat is perfectly suited for the low-background tests)

  17. Relic neutrino?...

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