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Pros and Cons Of Biotechnology (Cloning)

Pros and Cons Of Biotechnology (Cloning). Part A (Human Cloning) Prof. Dr. Jehan Bakht Institute of biotechnology and Genetic Engineering NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar. “Cell” a Basic Unit of Life. Every living organism (Human, Animals, Plants etc.)

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Pros and Cons Of Biotechnology (Cloning)

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  1. Pros and Cons Of Biotechnology (Cloning) • Part A (Human Cloning) • Prof. Dr. Jehan Bakht • Institute of biotechnology and • Genetic Engineering • NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar

  2. “Cell” a Basic Unit of Life • Every living organism (Human, Animals, Plants etc.) Are made of cells • Bacteria and Yeast are single celled • Complex organisms like animal and plants Are multicellular organisms • Human body contain 100 trillion cells • Every cell has a complete “Instruction Manual” Called Genome (packed into a structure called chromosome)

  3. Basic structure of cell

  4. Basic structure of cell

  5. Alphabet Analogy of Genome • Instruction Manual = Genome • Words = Genes (resulting in protein) • Language = DNA • Letters in DNA language = A, C, G, T

  6. Structure of DNA

  7. DNA Statistics • Three billion bases in every human cell • One human cell has 46 chromosomes (6 feet of DNA) • One human body has 10-20 billion miles of DNA (enough to stretch to the moon about 40,000 times or wrap around the equator about 400, 000 times • There are around 300,000 genes in a human genome

  8. Umbrella term traditionally used to describe different process for duplicating biological materials Cloning is the production of one or more individual plants or animals that are genetically identical to original plant or animal. Cloning became possible due to the discoveries of DNA structure by James D. Watson and Co-worker in 1971. What is Cloning?

  9. Purpose of Cloning • Cloning to produce children-genetically virtually identical to pre-existing individual • Cloning for Biomedical Research

  10. Types of cloning • Recombinant DNA Technology • Reproductive cloning • Therapeutic cloning

  11. Recombinant DNA Technology Allows the manipulation of DNA to build the genes.

  12. Reproductive cloning (Animal) Step1

  13. Step 2

  14. Step 3

  15. Step 4

  16. Step 5

  17. Step 6

  18. Complete Process

  19. Steps in human cloning

  20. Therapeutic Cloning

  21. Animals Cloned so Far • Tade pole • Sheep • Goats • Cows • Mice • Pigs • Cats • Rabbits • Human

  22. History of cloning 1962 - John Gurdon claims to have cloned frogs from adult cells. 1963 - J.B.S. Haldane coins the term 'clone.' 1966 - Establishment of the complete genetic code. 1967 - Enzyme DNA ligase isolated. 1969 - Shapiero and Beckwith isolate the first gene. 1970 - First restriction enzyme isolated. 1972 - Paul Berg creates the first recombinant DNA molecules. 1973 - Cohen and Boyer create first recombinant DNA organisms.

  23. History of cloning (Continued) 1977 - Karl Illmensee claims to have created mice with only one parent. 1979 - Karl Illmensee makes claim to have cloned three mice. 1983 - Kary B. Mullis develops the polymerase chain reaction technique for rapid DNA synthesis. 1983 - Solter and McGrath fuse a mouse embryo cell with an egg without a nucleus, but fail to clone using their technique. 1984 - Steen Willadsen clones sheep from embryo cells 1985 - Steen Willadsen clones sheep from embryo cells. Steen Willadsen joins Grenad Genetics to commercially clone cattle.

  24. History of cloning (Continued) 1986 - Steen Willadsen clones cattle from differentiated cells. 1986 - First, Prather, and Eyestone clone a cow from embryo cells. 1990 - Human Genome Project begins 1996 - Dolly, the first animal cloned from adult cells, born. 1997 - President Bill Clinton proposes a five year moratorium on cloning. 1997 - Richard Seed announces his plans to clone a human. 1997 - Wilmut and Campbell create Dolly, a cloned sheep with an inserted human gene.

  25. History of cloning (Continued) 1998 - Teruhiko Wakayama creates three generations of genetically identical cloned mice. 2000- Pigs and goats reported cloned from adult cells. Britain becomes the first country to grant a patentfor cloned early-stage human embryos. 2000- Scientists announce first cloned pigs. 2000- Advanced Cell Technology of Worcester, Massachusetts, says it produced a six-cell cloned human embryo, in research aimed at harvesting stem cells. 2002- Rabbits and a kitten reported cloned from adult cells. December 26, 2002- Clonaid claims to have produced the first human clone, a baby girl called Eve.

  26. Reasons for cloning • Infertility • Rejuvenation • Reverse heart attacks • Plastic, reconstructive, and • Cosmetic surgery • Defective genes • Down's syndrome • Tay-Sachs disease

  27. Reasons for cloning (Cont.) • Liver failure • Kidney failure • Leukemia • Cancer • Cystic fibrosis • Spinal cord injury • Testing for genetic disease • Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

  28. Risks of Cloning • Expensive • Highly inefficient (2%) • More compromised immune function • Higher rates of tumor growth • Genome of cloned animal compromised • Programming errors in genetic material from donor cell

  29. Reasons for banning cloning • Playing God • Unethical • Reduce Genetic Diversity • Determining Gender • Sexual Orientation • Embryos Killed

  30. Reasons for banning cloning • Sub-Human • Embryos at Risk • Expectations • Human Rights • Security risks • Will alter the very meaning of humanity

  31. Laws Regarding Human Cloning • March 2005; a non-binding UN Declaration on Human Cloning contrary to human dignity • Australia (Therapeutic Cloning, December, 2006) • Canada, Switzerland, Germany (Ban on all forms of human cloning) • European Union (Prohibit Reproductive Cloning) • Japan (Five years imprisonment for human cloning) • USA Bills presented to House of Rep. in 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2007 to imposed ban on all forms of human cloning but due to division in the Senate, no definite law was adopted

  32. Part B: Plant Cloning

  33. Biotechnology and Food Security of the Developing Countries

  34. Demography Of The World (Today) • Total World Population = 5.8 Billions • Growth Rate = 1.5% Per Year • Developed World = 1.2 Billions • Growth Rate = 0.1% Per Year • Developing World = 4.6 Billions • Growth Rate = 1.9% Per Year • Under Developed World = 560 Million • Growth Rate = 2.8% Per Year

  35. DEMOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD (21st. Century) • By The Year 2025 = 8 Billion • By The Year 2050 = 10 Billion • By The Year 2099 = 14 Billion

  36. Carrying Capacity? The Problem...Population Growth?

  37. Economic Position Of Asia • Largest Number Of Poor People • 800 Million Live At Poverty Level • 500 Million Live Below Poverty Level • More Than One Billion Do Not Get Enough To Eat

  38. Position Of World Area • For Crops = 12% • For Forest = 30% • For Pastures = 26% • Reminder = Other Human Use

  39. Land Supporting Food Production • In 1961 = 0.44 Ha Per Capita • Today = 0.26 Ha Per Capita • In 2050 = 0.15 Ha Per Capita

  40. Currently only ~ 25% efficient Forset destruction in Brazil Mostly unsuitable: too steep, too dry, too cold Unthinkable! Much is too cold, anyway Land Appropriation for Arable Farming

  41. Major Problems??? • WhatAre The Major Problems Facing Developing Countries?

  42. Annual Mortality Rates… • Cancer ~3.5 million in Developed World (all ages) • Malaria ~2.5 million (all ages) • AIDS ~ 20 Million deaths since 1982 • Malnutrition ~7 Million Infants (0-5 yrs, 30 Million all ages?) • What is Malnutrition? • Anaemia (Iron deficiency), Vitamin A deficiency, Iodine deficiency, but most important • Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Source: WHO, United Nations 2004

  43. The Problem... PEM Marasmus (Starvation) Kwasiorkor (Protein defficiency

  44. Protein-Energy Malnutrition • The WHO Estimate Infant Malnutrition as follows: • Asia ~ 70% • Africa ~26% • Latin America ~4% • Source: Turning the Tide of Malnutrition, WHO publication WHO/NHD/2007

  45. Does Charity Work? The Irish Potato Famine 1847-49 Sporophytes of Phytophthera infestans

  46. Meeting Future Global Food Demands • Within the next 50 – 70 years we will have to double our food supply… • How are we doing…?

  47. Growth in Food Production is Slowing… …Why? ..the genetic potential of our major crops is exhausted. (CC Mann (1999) Science 283:210-214)

  48. 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 and the Consequences will be… … a Major Food Shortage by 2040! Population Growth..~ 1.3% Food Supply Growth..~ 0.5%

  49. Debt Dependency DW Pharmaceutics Industry DW Jobs DW Agribusiness The Developed World’s Response • Financial Aid • Food Aid • Nutritional Supplements (tablets, pills, etc.,) • Birth Control Programmes • Transplantation of Industrial-Mechanised Agricultural Methods But Who Else Benefits ….? Source: Turning the Tide of Malnutrition, WHO publication WHO/NHD/00.7

  50. How Can The Shortfall be Reduced? Grow More Food • Appropriate More Land (from where?) • Increase Yields (production / Hectare)

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