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How do you make decisions about the world around you?

How do you make decisions about the world around you?. What is the information OUTSIDE your body called?. Stimuli. Stimuli include: light sound heat pressure chemical. What is it called when the stimuli are detected and transferred?. Sensation.

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How do you make decisions about the world around you?

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  1. How do you make decisions about the world around you?

  2. What is the information OUTSIDE your body called? Stimuli Stimuli include: light sound heat pressure chemical

  3. What is it called when the stimuli are detected and transferred? Sensation (A physical reaction within the body in response to an external stimuli)

  4. Sensation + Past Experience = Perception (The organization of sensation into meaningful information)

  5. Sensation is to perception as________ is to ___________ A. Interpretation; organization B. Transmission; interpretation C. Integration; interpretation D. Adaptation; interpretation

  6. Sensation is to perception as________ is to ___________ A. Interpretation; organization B. Transmission; interpretation C. Integration; interpretation D. Adaptation; interpretation

  7. Do we detect every stimulus in our environment? No, it has to be strong enough for us to detect. We have a sensory threshold. • Two types of sensory thresholds. • - Absolute threshold • - Difference threshold

  8. Absolute threshold • The smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time.

  9. Difference Threshold(Just Noticeable Difference) • the smallest possible change in a stimulus that can be detected half the time. True OR false? ……. Our sensory experiences depend more on changes than the absolute size of the stimulus.

  10. Difference Threshold(Just Noticeable Difference) True Sensory experiences depend more on changes than the absolute size of the stimulus.

  11. Difference Threshold(Just Noticeable Difference) Example – What do you notice more? 3# brick into an empty backpack? OR 3# brick into a 100# backpack ?

  12. Weber’s law • The larger or stronger a stimulus, the larger the amount of change required for an observer to notice a difference. • Doubling sweetness takes 3x the sugar • 2x the light < doubly bright

  13. Sensory Adaptation -Our sensory receptor cells become less responsive to a constant stimulus. -This allows us to quickly notice new or changing stimuli.

  14. Sensory Adaptation Give me an example: Movie theater lighting pressure of your clothes hot / cold (esp. water) Odors in a lab Street noise (background)

  15. Sensory Adaptation (p. 212)

  16. Signal Detection Theory • Studies the relationship between: • Motivation, Sensitivity &, Decision Making • Different thresholds depending on the circumstances (importance of the detection matters) • Radar operator “looking” for a blip • Expecting to see someone at a party

  17. Vision Hearing Smell Taste Touch Vestibular Kinesthetic THE SENSES

  18. VISION • Light waves….rods & cones in eyes • Controlled by Occipital lobe • Vision involves changing light energy into energy of the nervous system.

  19. RODS Rods and Cones Not sensitive to color. • Require little light to function…… • useful in night vision.

  20. CONES Rods and cones Sensitive to color • Require more light than rods…… useful for daytime vision. • Study tip: • cones = color…..both start w/ c.

  21. Binocular fusion - The combining of the two images that the eyes receive. Retinal disparity - The difference between the two images on the retina.

  22. Hearing

  23. Hearing Sound waves move hairs in Ears Controlled by: upper temporal area of cerebral cortex Ear bones convert vibrations into signal

  24. Taste Soluble substances on taste buds of the Tongue Controlled by: Cerebral cortex (temporal lobe) What is the Stimulus? Chemical molecules

  25. Mr. Tongue

  26. Smell Volatile substances contact hair cells in nose Controlled by: olfactory bulb (front temporal) Olfactory nerve one of the longest in the body….1 synapse on the way to the brain!

  27. Smell

  28. Touch Pressure, warmth, cold and pain receptors in the skin Controlled by: parietal lobe “headband” Sensitivity to pressure varies from place to place in the skin. (Mr. Homunculus & p 235)

  29. Vestibular Mechanical / gravitational forces operate on inner ear Controlled by: cerebellum & parietal lobe Regulates the body’s sense of balance by sending messages from semicircular canal fluid to brain.

  30. Kinesthetic Body movements w/in muscles/joints/tendons Controlled by: cerebellum & cerebral cortex (esp. parietal) Senses movement and position of body parts

  31. Kinesthetic: How does it work? Sensory neurons located in the joints and muscles communicate information to the brain about changes in body position. Maintain posture & balance

  32. Gestalt • The perception of stimuli as “wholes”rather than bits and pieces.

  33. x x x x x oo X x x xx

  34. x x x x x oo X x x xx

  35. Three Gestalt principles Closure Proximity Similarity

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