LANDAS KONTINEN DAN LAUT BEBAS

1. LANDAS KONTINEN DAN LAUT BEBAS Dhiana P, SH, LLM, PhD

2. 200 Nm Baseline 24 Nm 12 Nm Exclusive EconomicZone Territorial Waters Contiguous Zones Continental Shelf Air space Upper limits are Unspecified Territorial Sea Air Space EEZ Air Space International Air Space EEZ Superjacent Waters High Seas Territorial Sea 12 Nm Contiguous Zones 12 Nm Internal Waters Baseline EEZ (air space, superjacent waters and seabed) 188 Nm Outer Continental Shelf Deep Seabed Legal Continental Shelf (Continental Margin)

3. CONTINENTAL SHELF • Perkembangan konsep CS • Pengertian CS • Seaward limit of CS • Legal status CS • Hak dan Kewajiban Negara Pantai di CS

4. 200 mls EEZ 12 mls 12 mls TS Mainland C S High Seas Cont. Slope Continental Rise Deep Sea Bed

5. PEMBAGIAN CS • Continental Slope Proper: the area which slopes down gradually from the low water mark to the depth, averaging about 130 meters, at which the angle of declination increases markedly. • Continental Slope: the section bordering the shelf and having the steeper slope, going down to around 1,200 to 3,500 meters. • Continental rise: an area beyond the slope where the sea bed falls away more gradually and is composed mainly of sediments washed down from the continent – descends to a depth of around 3,500 to 5,000 meters.

6. Continued Ketiga macam continental slope tersebut secara bersama sama membentuk suatu apa yg disebut continental margin, yang berjumlah 1/5 dari sea floor. Sudah tentu area tsb kaya akan natural resources juga mineral resources – memberikan kontribusi ekonomi yg significant bagi negara pantai Oleh karena itu legal statusnya sangat penting

7. PENGERTIAN CS—Part VI, Article 76 LOSC The continental shelf of a coastal state comprises the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance

8. SEAWARD LIMIT OF CS • Biasanya 200 mil laut dari baselines (di bawah ZEE) • Akan tetapi karena CS berhubungan dengan geografis dasar laut mungkin saja kontinental slope yg membentuk suatu kontinental shelf melebihi dari 200 meter • Hal tsb diperbolehkan asalnya tidak melebihi 350 mil laut dari baselines

9. LEGAL STATUS OF CS – Article 78 LOSC • The right of coastal state over its CS does not affect the legal status of the superjacent waters or of the airspace above the waters • The exercise of the rights of the coastal state over the continental shelf must not infringe or result in any unjustifiable interference with navigation and other rights and freedoms of other states as provided for in this convention

10. HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN NEGARA PANTAI DI CS – are not unlimited • Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting its natural resources • If coastal state does not do this, no one can except with its express consent • Termasuk juga memperbolehkan negara lain u/ lay submarine cables dan pipelines • Negara pantai punya exclusive right to authorize and regulate drilling in its CS

11. Landas Kontinen v. ZEE • Hak dan kewajiban negara pantai dalam batas 200 mil dari baselines: • Not part of territory – exploration and exploitation • The sovereign rights are limited to natural resources • Exclude non-natural resources – wrecks (Art. 303 LOSC) • Authorization of the use of artificial islands and installations and structures used for economic purposes

12. LANDAS KONTINEN v. HIGH SEAS • Significant differences include: • Living resources – sedentary species (coastal state control), non-sedentary species (free fishing) • Non-living resources – coastal state has right to engage to such activities – has to pay ISA a proportion of the value or volume of the production at the site after the first five years of exploitation

13. DEFINISI LAUT BEBAS • Pasal 1 High Seas Convention 1958: “All parts of the sea not included in the territorial sea or in internal waters of a state.” • Pasal 86 LOSC: “All Part of the seas that are not included in the EEZ, in the territorial sea or in internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic state.”

14. LEGAL STATUS OF HIGH SEAS • High Seas are open to all States, and no State may validly purport to subject any part of them to its sovereignty (Pasal 2 High Seas Convention 1958, Pasal 87, 89 LOSC 1982) • No State has the right to prevent ships of other states from using the high seas for any lawful purpose • No State has jurisdiction over foreign ships on the high seas

15. FREEDOM OF HIGH SEASPasal 2 High Seas Convention 1958 • Freedom of Navigation • Fishing • Laying and Maintenance of submarine cables and pipelines (right of immersion) • Freedom of overflight • These freedoms, and other which are recognized by the general principles of international law, shall be exercised by all states with reasonable regard to the interests of other states in their exercise of the freedom of the high seas.

16. FREEDOM OF HIGH SEASPasal 87 LOSC 1982 • Freedom of Navigation • Fishing • Laying and Maintenance of submarine cables and pipelines (right of immersion) • Freedom of overflight • Freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations • Freedom of Scientific Research

17. Freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations • The construction, operation and use of artificial islands, of installations and structures established for economic purposes, and of installations and structures which may interfere with the exercise of coastal state rights on the continental shelf, are subject to the authorization and regulation of coastal state (Pasal 80, 60 LOSC)

18. Freedom of Scientific Research • Freedom of research is limited by the rights of coastal states in respect of their continental shelves, and the rights of international sea bed authority in respect of the rest of the sea bed

19. JURISDIKSI DI LAUT BEBAS • In general, the flag state, that is the state which has granted to a ship the right to sail under its flag, has the exclusive right to exercise legislative and enforcement jurisdiction over its ships on the high seas (Ps.6 HSC 1958, Ps. 92 LOSC) • However, the exclusiveness of the flag state’s jurisdiction is not absolute. It admits of several exceptions, in which third states share legislative or enforcement jurisdiction. Or both, with the flag state.

20. EXCEPTION OF THE FLAG STATE’S JURISDICTION • Piracy • Unauthorized Broadcasting • Slave Trading • Ships of uncertain nationality • Stateless Ships • Hot Pursuit and constructive presence • Major Pollution incidents • Exceptional Measures • Rights under Special Treaties

21. PIRACY • Ps. 14 HSC 1958, Ps. 100 – 107 LOSC,discuss… • Piracy includes any illegal acts of violence, detention or depredation committed for private ends by the crew or passenger of a private ships (or aircraft) against another ships (or aircraft) or persons or property on board it, on the high seas (ps. 101 LOSC)—1997 IMO 252 piracy terjadidilautteritorialbukandi high seas • Persyaratanadanya 2 kapal – membedakan Piracy dari Hijacking – Santa Maria 1961 (Portugis) danAchilleLauro 1985 (Italia), upayamengambilalihkontrolkapalolehpenumpangbukantindakanperompakan (Piracy)

22. UNAUTHORIZED BROADCASTING • Where unauthorized transmissions either are received or cause interference with authorized radio communications, LOSC allows States to exercise jurisdiction over such unauthorized broadcasters (Ps. 109 LOSC) – flag states and national states of broadcasters

23. SLAVE TRADING • Jika dicurigai malakukan tindakan slave trading, suatu kapal boleh digeledah dan boarded (Ps. 110 LOSC) • Hanya negara bendera

24. SHIPS OF UNCERTAIN NATIONALITY • States may visit and enforce their laws against their own ships on the high seas • Jika menolak bisa diperiksa and boarded – even warships • Jika ternyata kapal tsb mengibarkan bendera yg ternyata ilegal maka kapal bisa disita o/ negara bendera

25. STATELESS SHIPS • No nationality • Sail under two or more flags • In the curious position • Jurisdiction could clearly asserted over stateless ships in a coastal state’s maritime zone, on the basis of territoriality

26. HOT PURSUIT AND CONSTRUCTIVE PRESENCE • The rights of hot pursuit allows a warships or military aircraft of a state to pursue a foreign ships which has violated that state’s laws within its internal waters or territorial sea and to arrest it on the high seas. • Dimulai dari internal waters atau laut teritorial atau perairan kepulauan, diperpanjang dari ZEE dan continental shelf jika pelanggarannya berkaitan dgn hak negara pantai di continantal shelf atau ZEE

27. MAJOR POLLUTION INCIDENT • Exclusiveness of flag states in favor of states whose coastline is threatened with serious pollution

28. EXCEPTIONAL MEASURES • Alasan self-defense or necessity

29. RIGHTS UNDER SPECIAL TREATIES • Flag State – principle • But the principle varied by specific agreement – wide variety oftreaties • Drug-smuggling • Further reading: Churchill R.R and Lowe, A.V., Law of the Sea (3rd Ed: 1999)