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The Evolution of India: From Indus Valley Civilizations to Modern Independence

Explore the rich history of India, beginning with the Indus River Valley Civilization (3000-1500 B.C.) and the culturally diverse Dravidian era. Discover the impact of Aryan invasions, the formation of the caste system, and the ancient scriptures like the Vedas. Learn about the Mughal Empire and its monumental legacy, the Taj Mahal, and the significant European influence starting in the 1500s. Witness the rise of Indian nationalism fueled by leaders like Gandhi and the struggle for independence, culminating in the partition of 1947.

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The Evolution of India: From Indus Valley Civilizations to Modern Independence

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  1. HISTORY - INDIA LESSON #4

  2. Indus River Valley Civilizations • Dravidian Era (3000 B.C. - 1500 B.C.) • dark skinned people (Dravidians) • no written records: artifacts for studying • polytheistic: worshipped animals • CLOSE TO RIVER • Food • transportation

  3. Invasions and Integration (mixing) • Aryans: fair skin • racist: no mixing w/ Dravidians • create caste system • stories (Vedas) - passed down by oral tradition • stories later written in Sanskrit Dravidian Aryan

  4. Quick Quiz • Why would a civilization appear near to a river? • How are Aryans different from Dravidians? • What is a Veda?

  5. Muslim & Mongols (Mughals) • Muslim Empire (750 – 1500) • lower castes embraced Islam • Gave rise to Sikhs: Muslims with adaptations of Hinduism • Mughal Empire (1200s) • Most famous: Shah Jihan TajMahalto MumtazMahal (she had died after 14th child) click

  6. Quick Quiz • Describe what the Taj looks like. • What IS the Taj Mahal? • How many people are IN the Taj today?

  7. European Invasion 1. Age of European Imperialism (1500s – 1947) • 1498 – Portugal • 1707 – Dutch East India company French Mississippi Company British East India Company took Western Cities of India – hired SEPOYS to help in fight (Indian soldiers) • 1857 – Sepoys rebelled – led to general rebellion 2. Britain annexed India Queen Victoria became EMPRESS VICTORIA Next 100 yrs – British ruled India forced Indian farmers to grow cash crops

  8. European Dominance of India

  9. European Interest & Trade with India SPICES TEA OPIUM

  10. Indian Assimilation Schools, hospitals, roads, railroads Cash Crops English Language

  11. Rebellion by Indians Sepoy Rebellion, 1857 • Sepoys were Indians hired to be soldiers • British merchants hired them for protection • British government started using them as military • Sepoys rebelled • The guns were loaded with cartridges • Cartridges were coated with animal fat • Indians didn’t want to bite into animals

  12. English Annexation of India (Start of the “British Raj”) 1858-1947 • Britain saw the danger of trusting Sepoys as their main military in India • British government annexed India • Goal: greater control • This ended Indian independence • Indians would now be treated as slaves Empress Victoria Queen Victoria

  13. Quick Quiz • What nation came to annex India? • What was a Sepoy? • Who is Victoria (to India)?

  14. Indian Independence Indian Independence (1910-1947) 1920s – Mohandas Gandhi organized mass mobilization Complete non-cooperation with British 1940s – Muslims demanded their own nation – Civil War 1947 (15 August) – two nations formed 10,000,000 uprooted by partition 1 mil. Deaths in civil war Expulsions, riot, killings, refugees, racism Kashmir still not settled

  15. IndianNationalism Salt March Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma) Civil Disobedience Shame British into leaving Dressed like a commoner

  16. Disaster in the Indian Nationalism • AMRITSAR MASSACRE:British troops open-fired on peaceful Indian protesters • In 10 min., 379 were killed & 1,100 were wounded

  17. Indian Independence

  18. Quick Quiz • What did Gandhi do for Indians in India? • What type of “attack” did he encourage? • What two “sides” fought in the Civil War?

  19. Modern India Jawaharlal Nehru 1947-1964 Rajiv Gandhi Son of Indira 1984-1989 Indira Gandhi Daughter of Nehru 1955-1977. 1980-1984 assassinated Dr. Manmohan Singh 2004-present

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