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European Christendom, 500-1300

European Christendom, 500-1300. Eastern Christendom: Byzantine Empire Western Christendom, 500-900 Crisis & Technological Change, 850-1050 Western Xndom, 1050-1300 IDs: Hagia Sophia, vassal, Three Orders model, Normans. Argument.

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European Christendom, 500-1300

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  1. European Christendom, 500-1300 • Eastern Christendom: Byzantine Empire • Western Christendom, 500-900 • Crisis & Technological Change, 850-1050 • Western Xndom, 1050-1300 IDs: Hagia Sophia, vassal, Three Orders model, Normans

  2. Argument • The creation of a decentralized system of government, called feudalism or lordship, in western Christendom, was a logical result of needs for local defense, German/Viking warrior culture and the military dominance of mounted knights.

  3. I. Eastern Christendom: Byzantine Empire • Wealthier • More urban • Orthodox Christianity • Greek

  4. Church of the Hagia Sophia, Constantinople

  5. Eastern Europe & Russia converted by missionaries from Constantinople  Orthodox Christianity

  6. Byzantine Empire bears brunt of defense against Muslim Armies: Protects Western Christendom

  7. II. Western Xndom, 500-900 Early Middle Ages • Characteristics rural local Roman (Catholic) Christianity Latin

  8. B. Mix of 3 influences • Roman culture

  9. 2. Germanic culture Warrior Aristocracy – most respected Roughly egalitarian society “King” was a war leader His band were tied to him by personal relationships & choice Non-military decisions made by council

  10. 3. The Church 1. Strongest centralizing structure in Xndom Priests Bishops Pope in Rome

  11. 2. Monasticism Monasteries Monks/nuns

  12. Focus on converting Germanic kings, then people

  13. C. Government: Germanic Kingdoms Weak central authority of kings Strong authority of local lords

  14. D. Big Exception: Charlemagne’s Empire, c. 800

  15. Charlemagne Strong & successful war-leader Personal charisma Support of churchmen and warriors

  16. Pope crowns Charlemagne “Roman Emperor” on Christmas Day, 800

  17. After his death, division & disintegration of his empire

  18. III. Crisis & Technological Change, 850-1050 A. New Invasions • Vikings • Muslims • Magyars

  19. B. Viking Technology Ships Keel rudder

  20. Viking Voyages: Plunder & Trade

  21. Viking graffiti in the Church of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople

  22. C. From Raiders to Settlers: “Normans” Charles, King of West Frankland (later France) Rollo, Viking Chief  Duke of Normandy 912

  23. Political Solution Give invaders land Make their leader acknowledge the overlordship of the king Convert them to Christianity Result: New warriors; new energy Normans rule in Normandy, England, Sicily & become important Crusaders

  24. William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) attacks England in 1066 Bayeux Tapestry

  25. D. New Military Technologies, ca. 1000 1. The Castle

  26. Peasants seek protection Local lord protects peasants from invaders Peasants become his serfs (bound to work his land) and give him produce & labor

  27. 2. The Stirrup

  28. 3. Mounted Knights Human Tank

  29. E. Agricultural Inventions, ca. 1000 • Horse collar • Heavy plow Result: Agricultural Revolution

  30. F. Result: Big Shift in Western Xndom ca. 1000 No more invasions More wealth from land Trade increases Population increases More power to knights 2 results: System of Feudalism (Lordship) expands Western Christendom starts expanding outward (from invaded to invader)

  31. IV. Western Xndom, 1050-1300“Medieval Europe” • Growth in power & influence of The Church, especially pope

  32. B. Gov’t.: Medieval European Feudalism or Lordship (1100-1300) Knights: Lord – vassal relationships Lord gives vassal a fief (usually land) & protection. Vassal gives lord military service & loyalty. Vassal pledges homage to lord.

  33. Knight becomes a local lord, & rules fief (manor & serfs)

  34. C. Three Orders model Those who pray clergy Those who fight nobility Those who work peasants (everyone else)

  35. Reality Vassals often not loyal Constant warfare No external enemy Nobles & clergy take agricultural surplus from serfs.

  36. D. Chivalry: “Civilizing” knights 1st Stage – 1000-1150 – Military prowess & loyalty 2nd Stage – 1150-1300 – Courtly love

  37. E. Expansion of Xndom

  38. Argument The creation of a decentralized system of government, called feudalism or lordship, in western Christendom, was a logical result of needs for local defense, German/Viking warrior culture and the military dominance of mounted knights.

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