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Carte Blanche Leadership and Young Generations in East Asia Analyses of several East Asian values surveys Henk Vinken www.henkvinken.nl. International Symposium Youth Leadership in a Transformational Society October 13, 2007, Beijing, China.

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  1. Carte Blanche Leadership andYoung Generations in East AsiaAnalyses of several East Asian values surveysHenk Vinkenwww.henkvinken.nl International Symposium Youth Leadership in a Transformational SocietyOctober 13, 2007, Beijing, China

  2. OutlineCarte blanche leadershipCulture or political reality hypothesis?East Asian and Western surveysCulture, situation or generation?Evaluation

  3. Carte blanche leadershipMany Western scholars: - accept inevitable democratic future -- emphasis on absolute nature of values -Few ask: - can own ideas be enriched by non-Western ones? -

  4. Carte blanche leadershipClassic non-Western, ‘alternative’ model:- confucianism and legalism -- rule by virtuous, benevolent elite -- expect/accept strong state institutions - “Leadership based on unconditional and unanimous dependence of rank and file on their leader… with the general expectation that services will be rendered on their behalf by their leader”(Ikeda and Richey, 2005)

  5. Culture- or political-reality-hypothesis?Culture hypothesis:- traditional East Asian values -Political reality hypothesis:- opportunity structure -

  6. East Asian and Western surveysMany issues of question wording- concept equivalence -Carte blanche leadership:- AB: decisions by experts they think best for ctry - - WVS: experts not gov. decide they think best for ctry -- AnB: various items (see next) –- EAVS: improve ctry if leave all to leaders, iso. people discus –- ISSP: no cbl-items -

  7. East Asian and Western surveysAnB, Asian Barometer: cbl-items (1 factor)- gov. leaders like family, follow their decisions -- gov. decide if ideas be discussed in society -- judges in imp. cases accept view executive branch -- get rid of parliament/elections, have experts decide -- gov. checked by legislature cannot accomp. great things -

  8. East Asian and Western surveysOrder in East Asian countries/cities- AB: China, South Korea, Japan -- AnB: China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan -- EAVS: Kunming, Beijing, Taiwan, Hangzhou, Shanghai,Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Japan -- WVS: Japan, South Korea, China, Singapore -Order in terms of diversifying power:- AnB, AB, EAVS, WVS -- eta2: 0,19, 0,05, 0,03, 0,02 -

  9. Culture, situation or generation?Generational cleavages in cbl only in:- AB: none -- AnB: Hong Kong (1970+ opposes) -- EAVS: Kunming (1970+ opposes) -- WVS: Japan (1970+ supports) -Cleavages if:- significance p -0,05 ánd eta2 +0,05 -- in all other cases generations similar -

  10. Culture, situation or generation?1) Generation (demo) 2) situation (country) 3) culture (values):- AB: country -- AnB: country, culture, education -- EAVS: country, generation, education -- WVS: generation, education -Conclusion:- most likely political reality hypothesis at work -- yet, culture hypothesis cannot be rejected -- preservation and harmony values important -

  11. Evaluation1) Carte blanche leadership: - a multidimensional concept (AnB) -2) Info on country/city of origin most important- proxy political reality, opp. structures, traditions, regimes -3) Culture important too:- preservation and harmony means acceptance unequal relationships, conflict-avoidance, conformity with expert-rule -

  12. Evaluation4) Generational cleavages least relevant:- disappear when entering country info -- yet, modestly return after entering culture (AnB) -- 1970+ cohorts more supportive to clb -5) Western concepts in WVS and AB least helpful- expert rule no antagonism of gov. rule -- false conclusion that values do not matter -- that clb is matter of demographics (individual traits) -

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